pt2 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What is GDP?
A
Gross Domestic Product – the total value of the economy per year.
2
Q
What is GNI?
A
Gross National Income – the total value of all goods and services produced in a country per year, including income from abroad.
3
Q
What is the poverty line defined as (2015)?
A
Living on less than $1.90 per day.
4
Q
What is the development gap?
A
The difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries.
5
Q
What was the Brandt Line?
A
A 1980 map dividing rich countries (north) from poor countries (south).
6
Q
What is the development continuum?
A
A scale showing changing levels of wealth and development from low to high income countries.
7
Q
How does the World Bank classify countries by income?
A
High Income: >$12,736, Upper Middle: $4,126–$12,735, Lower Middle: $1,026–$4,125, Low Income: <$1,025.
8
Q
What is globalisation?
A
The free flow of goods, people, ideas and money, making the world increasingly interconnected.
9
Q
What are exports?
A
Goods that are sold to other countries.
10
Q
What are imports?
A
Goods that are purchased from other countries.
11
Q
What is infrastructure?
A
Essential services and facilities like roads, airports, and water supply.
12
Q
What is interdependence?
A
When countries are economically, culturally, politically, and socially connected and depend on each other.
13
Q
What is an MNC?
A
A Multi-National Company – a large company with branches in several countries (e.g., Nike).
14
Q
What are tariffs?
A
Taxes placed on imported goods.
15
Q
What are quotas?
A
Limits on the amount of goods a country can import/export in a year.
16
Q
What are subsidies?
A
Government money given to industries to reduce costs.
17
Q
What are trade blocs?
A
Groups of countries with free trade agreements (e.g., EU).
18
Q
What is enclave tourism?
A
Tourism where activities are confined to one area, usually benefiting MNCs more than locals.
19
Q
How do HICs contribute to uneven development through trade?
A
They pay low prices for raw goods and set quotas/tariffs limiting LIC profits.
20
Q
Why do LICs earn less from trade?
A
They export low-value goods and rely on only a few crops, making them vulnerable.
21
Q
How do MNCs contribute to uneven development?
A
Profits return to HICs; workers in LICs earn low wages.
22
Q
Why are LICs vulnerable to natural disasters?
A
They rely on few crops, so one disaster can destroy income.
23
Q
What impact do tariffs and quotas have on LICs?
A
They protect HIC markets and make it hard for LICs to compete globally.
24
Q
How do HICs benefit from global trade?
A
They export manufactured goods, earn more income, and afford better healthcare.
25
How does trade affect life expectancy?
HICs can invest in healthcare, increasing life expectancy.
26
What causes the trade gap to grow?
Unequal trade terms, reliance on few exports, power of trade blocs.
27
How can tourism help development?
It improves infrastructure, GDP, and funds healthcare and education.
28
How can tourism restrict development?
Profits often go to foreign MNCs, widening the development gap.
29
What economic benefits can tourism bring?
Jobs, taxes, informal economy growth, and market for farmers.
30
What are the economic disadvantages of tourism?
Seasonal jobs, low wages, and dependence on foreign tourists.
31
How can tourism protect the environment?
It can lead to the creation of National Parks and conservation.
32
How can tourism damage the environment?
It can destroy ecosystems like coral reefs and sand dunes.
33
How can tourism protect culture?
It preserves historic sites and traditional customs.
34
How can tourism harm local culture?
It can lead to the loss of local dialects and traditions.
35
How does tourism improve infrastructure?
Roads, airports, and Wi-Fi are improved, also benefiting locals.
36
What is the downside of enclave tourism?
Locals benefit little, as tourists spend within resorts/cruises.
37
What is aid?
Help in the form of money, services, or resources to support development.
38
What are NGOs?
Non-Governmental Organisations like Oxfam that deliver aid without profit.
39
What is voluntary aid?
Public donations collected by charities, usually first to respond in emergencies.
40
What is emergency aid?
Short-term support like food, water, shelter after disasters.
41
What is bilateral aid?
Aid from one government to another, often for infrastructure projects.
42
What is multilateral aid?
Aid given to organisations like the UN or World Bank to distribute.
43
What is fair trade?
Ensures fair pay and better conditions for producers in LICs.
44
What are the UN’s development goals?
17 global targets (e.g., gender equality, ending poverty) set for 2030.
45
What is long-term aid?
Support over time to improve education, farming, and healthcare.
46
What is an example of long-term aid?
The Magic Stones project in Burkina Faso improves soil and farming.
47
What’s a key workforce difference between Malawi and India?
Malawi: mostly agricultural jobs. India: skilled, industrial and service jobs.
48
Why do LICs like Malawi struggle with trade?
They export low-value primary goods and face tariffs and quotas.
49
Why does India benefit more from trade than Malawi?
India exports high-value manufactured goods and attracts MNCs.
50
Why are LICs like Malawi vulnerable to disaster?
They rely on a few crops, so droughts or disease cause major income loss.
51
What helps India attract MNC investment?
Large population, infrastructure, stable government, and English language.
52
What are regional social and economic inequalities?
Differences within a country in terms of wealth, health, education, and access to services due to factors like infrastructure, employment, and government investment.
53
How does infrastructure affect regional inequality?
Improved infrastructure attracts businesses and improves commuting, leading to better job opportunities in some regions.
54
How can health and social care cause inequality?
Areas with better access to healthcare and education often have higher life expectancy and literacy rates than poorly served areas.
55
How does unemployment contribute to regional inequality?
High unemployment in certain areas reduces income and living standards compared to regions with more job opportunities.
56
Why might government decisions increase inequality?
If central government is based in a region, that area may receive more funding or investment, leaving others underdeveloped.
57
What is an NIC and how does India fit this category?
An NIC (Newly Industrialised Country) has a growing economy and industrial base. India is an NIC but still has millions of low-paid workers.
58
What is the informal sector?
A sector of unregulated jobs that are often low-paid and unskilled. Workers do not pay tax or receive employment benefits.
59
How does literacy rate vary in India?
Bihar has a literacy rate of 47%, while Kerala’s is 92%, showing regional disparity in education.
60
Why do states in India have different development levels?
States manage their own health and education services, leading to varied spending and outcomes in life expectancy and literacy.
61
Define life expectancy.
The average age a person is expected to live.
62
Define unemployment rate.
The percentage of people who are able to work but do not have a job.
63
Define literacy rate.
The percentage of people who can read and write.
64
What are the main global uses of water?
Agriculture (70%), Industry (20%), Domestic (10%)
65
How has global water use changed over time?
Water use has increased six-fold as the population tripled in the 20th century.
66
What is the water footprint of producing beef?
15,500 litres per kg.
67
What is meant by ‘water security’?
Having enough safe water for health, food, and economic development without harming future generations.
68
Why is water security important?
It supports human well-being, economic activities, resilience to hazards, and healthy ecosystems.
69
Which regions are expected to face the most water stress?
Densely populated and developing areas like Asia and Africa.
70
What is a personal water footprint?
The total amount of direct and embedded water used by a person daily.
71
What is the multiplier effect?
Economic growth where one investment leads to further growth across sectors.
72
What is a negative multiplier effect?
Decline in one sector causes reduced demand and economic decline in others.
73
What is a ‘growth pole’?
A region that experiences concentrated economic growth and attracts investment.
74
How does the introduction of an industry affect an area?
It boosts job creation, income, and supports local services and suppliers.
75
What is HS2?
A high-speed rail project to connect cities, aiming to reduce regional inequality.
76
What are the goals of HS2?
Improve connectivity, create jobs, boost northern investment, raise living standards.
77
Why is HS2 controversial?
Critics argue it may benefit London more and worsen inequality in the North.
78
What is the North–South divide?
Economic and social differences between the South of England and the rest of the UK.
79
Why did economic decline occur in the North?
Deindustrialisation—closure of coal mines and factories leading to job losses.
80
Why is the South more economically successful?
Better transport, proximity to Europe, MNC attraction, and more R&D investment.
81
What is the ‘brain drain’?
Young skilled workers moving from the North to the South for better job prospects.
82
What are the political efforts to reduce the North-South divide?
Relocating organizations like the BBC to Manchester to stimulate the regional economy.
83
How do employment sectors differ between North and South?
North—mainly public sector (lower wages); South—private sector (higher wages).
84
What is a consequence of the closure of traditional industries in the North?
Tens of thousands of people became unemployed, contributing to long-term economic decline.
85
Why are MNCs attracted to the South of England?
Due to excellent transport links, skilled workforce, and proximity to European markets.
86
Why is there more money spent on research and development in the South?
Because of the concentration of high-tech industries and access to top universities.
87
What role does transport play in the North–South divide?
The South has better motorway networks and international airports, boosting economic activity.
88
How have High Streets in the North been affected economically?
There is a higher percentage of closed retail units in the North compared to the South.
89
What is consumerism?
A social and economic order that encourages the buying of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.
90
What is an ecological footprint?
A measure of human demand on Earth's ecosystems, e.g., the UK had 7.93 global hectares per person in 2016.
91
What are food miles?
The distance food travels from producer to consumer, often measured in CO₂ emissions.
92
What is monoculture and why is it environmentally damaging?
The practice of growing one crop over a large area, reducing biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.
93
How does palm oil production affect Indonesia’s rainforest ecosystems?
Leads to deforestation, habitat loss for orangutans, tigers, and elephants, and biodiversity loss.
94
How are orangutans affected by palm oil plantations?
Their rainforest habitats are destroyed, reducing their ability to find food and roam freely.
95
How does shrimp farming impact sub-tropical mangrove ecosystems in China?
Causes mangrove deforestation, pollution, species loss, and decline in wild fish stocks.
96
What was the goal of the Paris Agreement (2015)?
To keep global warming below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels.
97
What are short-term climate change impacts in the UK?
Heatwaves affecting the elderly, water pressure, and changes in wildlife.
98
What are long-term climate change impacts in the UK?
Rising sea levels (up to 40cm), flooding, and changing agricultural potential.
99
Why are frogs mentioned as vulnerable to climate change?
Frogs may be unable to adapt to hotter summer temperatures in the UK.
100
What is one economic benefit of warmer winters in the UK?
Less money will be spent on heating.
101
How can individuals reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
Use public transport, buy local food, reduce energy use, and recycle.
102
What strategies has the Welsh Government proposed?
Restore peatlands and plant woodlands to act as long-term carbon stores.
103
What are the impacts of climate change on Kiribati?
Island submersion, crop loss, saltwater intrusion, environmental refugees, and infrastructure damage.
104
What is the main cause of environmental refugee migration from Kiribati?
Sea level rise contaminating freshwater supplies and destroying homes and farmland.
105
What infrastructure has been affected in Kiribati?
Houses and roads have been lost due to rising tides and storm surges.
