PT3

Question 1

What is regarded due to earth convergence?

Answer 1

• It is zero at the equator
• Is maximum at the poles and is equal to the change of longitude
• Varies with sine of latitude

Question 2

Earth convergence =

Answer 2

Change of long x Sin mean Lat

Question 3

Convergence angle =

Answer 3

0.5 D Long x sin mean lat

Question 4

What is a great circle track on a Mercator chart?

Answer 4

A curved line

Question 5

What is the calculation for chart convergence?

Answer 5

D long x Sin parallel of origin

Question 6

How to work out the convergence angle from the chart convergence?

Answer 6

half it

Question 7

here are bearing measured from on an NDB and vor?

Answer 7

NDB: from the aircraft
VOR: Is from the round station

Question 8

What is ETP?

Answer 8

Series of points where it will take equal time to:
Return to aerodrome of departure or continue to destination.
Return to aerodrome of departure or fly to an off tack alternate
Divert to one or other off track alternate
Divert to an off-track enroute alternate or fly to a destination.

Question 9

What is the effect of wind on on ETP?

Answer 9

can move the point of etp depending on the wind.

Question 10

What are the navigational issues?

Answer 10

Magnetic Variation
Convergence of Meridians
True Heading
GPS Navigation
Solar Storm

Question 11

what is the magnetic variation issue?

Answer 11

Magnetic compasses are highly unreliable and unusable in these areas. There are very rapid changes of magnetic variations over small distances.

Question 12

What is the convergence of the meridians issue?

Answer 12

Convergence at the poles can create rapid changes in true headings and true courses.

Question 13

What are the navigational issues with the true heading?

Answer 13

Can only use long-range navigation systems with references based to true north.

Question 14

What is the GPS navigation issue?

Answer 14

When flying near the poles only satellites between 39 to 55 degrees declination can be used. At least four are required for navigation.

Question 15

What is the solar storm navigation and communication issues?

Answer 15

Solar storms can cause communication blackouts and navigation degradation.

Question 16

What are temperature issues at the poles?

Answer 16

Tropopause height and ISA
Surface temperature
Fuel freezing

Question 17

What are the Polar Radiation effects at the poles?

Answer 17

less radiation will be received on a lower latitude flight because of the greater amount of radiation shielding provided by the earth’s magnetic field. Shielding is greatest near the equator and gradually decreases to zero