PUBHEALTH Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
Science of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention
A
Public Health
2
Q
states that disease occurs when the equilibrium between the agent, environment, & disease is disturbed
A
Epidemiological triad
3
Q
occurring in the prepathogenic stage of the natural history of disease
healthy, lifestyle, vaccination
A
Primary level
4
Q
involves disease or conditions evident in population
early diagnosis
A
Secondary level
5
Q
primarily involving disability limitation & rehabilitation
A
Tertiary level
6
Q
prevention concerning lifestyle-associated disease like obesity, hypertension.
A
Primodial level
7
Q
The ability of a microorganism to enter a host, grow, reproduce and spread throughout its body
A
Invasiveness
8
Q
The ability of a microorganism to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of a host
A
Pathogenicity
9
Q
Degree of pathogenicity
A
Virulence
10
Q
The capacity of an organism to produce a toxin
A
Toxigenicity
11
Q
Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic
microorganisms
May exist in the absence of detectable disease
A
Infection
12
Q
Occurs when an infection results in any change
From a state of health
Is an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properlyadjusted or incapable of performing its normal functions
A
Disease
13
Q
separation of sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick.
A
Isolation
14
Q
Focus on the well-being of the population as a whole and emphasize the assessment and prioritization of a
community’s health-related needs as well as planning to address those needs
A
PLANNING (“MACRO”)
15
Q
Carried out by public health professionals with varying backgrounds, degrees, and interests.
A
PLANNING (“MACRO”)
16
Q
Actions:
• Identifying health-related community problems
• Setting community health priorities
• Formulating community health programs and
policies
• Managing, administering, and evaluating
community health- promotion programs
• Educating the community in ways that promote
public health; and
• Researching, presenting, and publishing
information about public health activities
A
PLANNING (“MACRO”)
17
Q
Include all the activities required to implement public
health initiatives.
A
IMPLEMENTATION (“MICRO” OR “PROVIDER”) LEVEL
18
Q
Performed on a provider-to-patient or a program-to-
population basis.
A
IMPLEMENTATION (“MICRO” OR “PROVIDER”) LEVEL
19
Q
Actions:
• Disease screening
• Immunization
• Counseling for at-risk populations
• Tobacco-cessation programs.
• Monitoring and responding to adverse drug events
A
IMPLEMENTATION (“MICRO” OR “PROVIDER”) LEVEL
20
Q
• Current public health system play a critical role in
handling major threats to the public health.
• Intends to provide some perspective on how
protection of citizens from health threats came to be
a public responsibility and on how the public health
system address health threats.
A
EVOLUTION/HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
21
Q
How the public health problems became a responsibility of the individuals in the community
A
EVOLUTION/HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
22
Q
Spread of vector - borne diseases
A
Polluted water and lack of proper waste disposal
23
Q
How public health became an important target of any
community
A
HEALTHY POLICIES FOR A HEALTHIER WORLD
24
Q
• ___________ is the most ancient of human activities.
From the beginning of human history, human
beings have needed to ensure the survival of the
larger community or the tribe.
• Focus has been beyond the individual to the whole
population.
A
SURVIVE THE TRIBE;
Public health
25
_________ understood the need to protect mothers and infants. Ensuring ______ & _______ continues to be a major focus of Public Health today.
early tribes;
maternal and child health
26
poor quality can cause sickness/death, often in minutes
Air
27
poor quality/lack of _____ can cause sickness or death in days
Water
28
can sustain or injure; poor quality/lack of ____ can cause sickness or death in days or weeks
Food
29
must have, at least on a seasonal basis
Shelter
30
birthing and protecting the new generation
Care & mutual
31
• Personal hygiene
• Physical fitness (Olympics)
• Naturalistic concept
o Disease is caused by imbalance between man
and his environment
ANCIENT GREECE (500 – 323 BC)
32
b. 460 BC
Hippocrates
33
o Father of Western Medicine
o Believed that illness had a physical and rational
explanation
o Looked for and described causal relationship
between disease and factors such as climate, soil, water, lifestyle, and nutrition
Hippocrates (b. 460 BC)
34
Coined the term epidemic
Hippocrates (b. 460 BC)
35
“on” or “akin to”
Epis
36
people
Demos
37
• Public Diversion of Human Waste: __________ of Public Health
• Adopted Greek health values
• Great engineers
ROMAN EMPIRE (23 BC – 476 AD);
Necessary Tenet
38
Plumbing technology was very advance
Replaced leaky clay pipes with lead pipes
(unfortunately, Romans suffered from lead
poisoning)
Sewage system
39
o Sewage system
o Built aqueducts to bring water into the city
ROMAN EMPIRE (23 BC – 476 AD)
40
The Romans constructed it between 500 and 523 BC as an aqueduct to carry freshwater to the City of Nimes.
Pont du Gard in Southern France
41
Collected taxes to support public services such as:
o Public baths
o Water supply and sewage system
o Restaurant inspection and markets (for availability of food)
ROMAN EMPIRE (23 BC – 476 AD);
Administration
42
(Smallpox Epidemic around 1000 BC) – the process by which material from smallpox sores (pustules) was given to people who had never had smallpox. They believed that if you were given these pustules, you would be immune to smallpox.
MIDDLE AGES / DARK AGES (476 – 1450 AD);
CHINESE;
Variolation
43
• Shift away from Greek and Roman values
o Physical body less important than spiritual self
■ Faith and prayer were the accepted treatment for illness; Focused on spiritual healing
o Decline of hygiene and sanitation.
EUROPE
44
• Beginnings of Public Health Tools
o Quarantine of ships and travelers for 40 days
■ Persons denied entry to infected ships
o Isolation of diseased individuals
EUROPE
45
• Quarantine in ____________.
o The practice of quarantine began during the
14th century to protect coastal cities from plague
epidemics. Ships arriving in Venice from
infected ports were required to sit at anchor for
40 days before landing.
EUROPE;
Medieval Period
46
• 14th century EU epidemic
o Epidemic disease in Western Europe between
1348 and 1530+ AD (the end of the Middle Ages
through the Renaissance)
THE PLAGUE / BLACK DEATH / BUBONIC PLAGUE
47
o Remove bodies of the dead
o Burning of cities
THE PLAGUE / BLACK DEATH / BUBONIC PLAGUE
48
“bubo” = “______”
groin
49
a severe lung infection spread by sneezing, is also caused by the bacterium _________.
Pneumonic plague;
Yersinia pestis
50
• Death of 25% to 50% of population.
o Worst from 1348 – 1352
o Killed at least 25 million people in Europe (1/3 of
the population)
o Killed more than 60 million worldwide
o Spreads through ships or trading.
• Symptoms: start with a high temperature, headaches, and vomiting, followed by lumps appearing in the groin and armpits. Eventually, the victim would be covered all over with black bruises; death would shortly follow.
THE PLAGUE / BLACK DEATH / BUBONIC PLAGUE
51
GLOBAL EXPLORATION
RENAISSANCE (1400 – 1600 AD)
52
What percentage of indigenous people in the New World were killed by diseases?
90%
53
(English Physician, 1578 – 1657)
WILLIAM HARVEY
54
1628 theories of circulation
o Demonstrated function of the heart and circulatory system
o Publication of his theories, “An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals”
WILLIAM HARVEY
55
• First to suggest that humans and other mammals
reproduced via the fertilization of an egg by sperm.
• Used dissection (no microscope) to create theories
WILLIAM HARVEY
56
• 1796 cowpox experiment
o Vaccination of eight-year-old James Phipps
proved that cowpox or swinepox provided
immunity against smallpox (age-old tradition
that people who had earlier caught the mild
disease of cowpox did not catch the normally
fatal disease of smallpox)
EDWARD JENNER
57
(English Physician, 1749 – 1823)
EDWARD JENNER
58
Father of Immunology
EDWARD JENNER
59
inoculated Phipps with swinepox
May 14, 1796
60
inoculated Phipps with smallpox
July 1
61
• Coined the term vaccine (vacca, Latin for “cow”)
• Laid the foundation of modern immunology as a
science
EDWARD JENNER
62
• Produced a new set of public health problems:
Slums, Poverty, Disease
o ______ is an indicator of poor health, where
you cannot access medication and
healthcare; only focuses on daily survival
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION (1800s);
Poverty
63
BIRTH OF MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH
“GREAT SANITARY AWAKENING” (1800s – 1900s)
64
• Great strides in scientific knowledge to help
understand the origin and treatment of disease.
• Interest in humanitarian ideals
• Acknowledge connection between poverty and
disease
• Even today, poverty is the single best predictor of poor health.
• Returning to what the Romans had figured out,
new infrastructure for clean water and sewage removal
• Birth of a system to monitor the health status of
communities
o Monitoring disease cases, number of childbirths,
problems affecting the community, etc.
“GREAT SANITARY AWAKENING” (1800s – 1900s)
65
A disease caused by the bacterium ____________ that circulates among wild rodents.
Yersinia pestis
66
o Plaque model of governmentality
o Treatment of cholera → Social medicine (flux, circulation of air, location of cemeteries)
■ Control by not accessing the water supply where cholera is present
Michael Foucault
67
■ Disease from poor sanitation
Miasma theory of disease
68
FATHER OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Dr. John Snow (1813 – 1858)
69
o The “George Washington” of public health.
o Well-educated despite being raised in a working-
class family. A man of many interests, physician
to Queen Victoria, mathematician.
o Became very concerned about the cholera
outbreaks in London that were devastating the
population. He made careful observations of the
disease, who caught it, where the deaths
occurred
Dr. John Snow (1813 – 1858)
70
First to identify a polluted public water as a source of 1854 cholera outbreak in London through Epidemiologic mapping
Dr. John Snow (1813 – 1858)
71
• May 1, 1874 to _________
• An example of public health disease and how to
resolve the disease
Map of Diphtheria Deaths in New York City;
December 31, 1875
72
1680 microorganisms as cause of disease
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
73
o 1862 germs caused many diseases
o 1888 first public health laboratory
Louis Pasteur
74
o 1883 identified the vibrio that causes cholera,
20 years after Snow’s discovery; Vibrio cholerae
(vibrio = water)
o Discovered the _________________ bacterium
Robert Koch;
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
75
epidemiology in addressing the health burden or how to stop the spread of cholera
John Snow
76
o Non-communicable but affects majority of the
population, being a part of the top 10 leading
morbidity and mortality worldwide and in the
Ph
MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH;
Cancer and heart disease
77
• Increase in life span through health efforts
o People can now live up to 100 and above
• Preventable infectious disease exacerbate by
malnutrition and poverty
o Public health targets malnutrition and poverty,
which are the root causes of preventable
infectious disease
MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH
78
• SARS
• HIV-AIDS
• Childhood obesity, DM2
• Adolescent pregnancy
• Disasters
• Population level issues
• Less funding vs medicine
• Eradicate smallpox through vaccination
• COVID-19 (Corona virus disease 2019)
MODERN PUBLIC HEALTH
79
advocate for vaccination together with government programs. They aim to develop herd immunity, wherein 70-90% of population are vaccinated/immunized.
Public health teams
80
The world’s first written health code (lepers)
Leveticus code
81
Laws banning smoking in public places
Tobacco law
82
Food labeling and promotion of physical activity
Lifestyle
83
science that studies communicable and noncommunicable diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
Epidemiology
84
scientific study of diseases
Pathology
85
Pathology is first concerned with the cause of disease
Etiology
86
Manner in which a disease develops
Pathogenicity
87
Microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence (colonize) but that do not produce disease under normal conditions
Normal microbiota
88
Relationship between the normal microbiota and the host
Symbiosis
89
A relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other
Commensalism
90
Example of commensalism
Normal flora
91
Type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms.
Ex: the large intestine contains bacteria, such as E. coli,
that synthesize vitamin K and some B vitamins.
Mutualism
92
one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other
Parasitism
93
Virulence factors:
Exotoxin & Endotoxin
Toxins
94
Virulence factors:
facilitate invasiveness
Enzymes
95
Virulence factors:
protection from phagocytosis
Capsules
96
helps in spreading out of the microorganism
Hyaluronidase
97
organisms (usually refers to humans) that harbor pathogens & transmit them to others.
Carriers
98
Continual source of infection
Reservoir
99
person-to-person transmission by physical
contact between its source & susceptible host
Ex. Touching, kissing, STD
Direct contact
100
spread of (disease) pathogen by fomites (non-living objects)
Indirect contact
101
by small liquid droplets carrying microorganisms
Ex. Sneezing, talking, laughing
Droplet transmission
102
by inanimate reservoir (waterborne, foodborne, airborne)
Medium-borne transmission
103
process by which arthropods transmit infections by
carrying pathogens on their feet & other body parts.
Vector borne
104
are subjected changes that are not apparent to an observer
Changes in body function, such as pain & malaise (a vague feeling of body discomfort.
Symptoms
105
are objective changes that the physician can observe & measure
Ex. Lab & mixtures
Signs
106
specific group of signs & symptoms may always accompany a particular disease
Syndrome
107
CLASSIFYING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
spreads from one host to another
Ex. TD
Communicable Disease
108
CLASSIFYING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
easily spread from one host to another
Contagious Disease
109
CLASSIFYING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
caused by microorganisms that normally inhabit the body & only occasionally produced disease
Ex. Tetanus
Noncommunicable Disease
110
CLASSIFYING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Hospital-acquired infection
Ex. HAD
Nosocomial infection
111
CLASSIFYING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Diseases transmitted from animals
Ex. Ebola, rabies
Zoonotic Disease
112
Folliculitos, Furincle, Cabuncle, Toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcus aureus
113
Stitch abses, prostetic endocarditis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
114
Group A, Necronizong facitis, phrangites, child bed fever, scarlet fever, erysipelas
Streptococcus pyogenes
115
Neonatal meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
116
Diptheria, bull neck diptheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
117
Acne vulgaris
Propionibacterium acnes
118
Pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile
119
Trismus, risus sardonicus, opistothonos
Clostridium tetani
120
Botulinum toxin (diarrhea), infant botulism “floppy baby
Clostridium botulinum
121
Gas gangren (alpha), pigbel disease (beta)
Clostridium perfringens
122
Cause: Anthrax, woolsorter’s disease (sheep)
Bacillus anthracis
123
Fried rice poisoning
Bacillus cereus
124
124
UTI, gastrointerititis
Escherichia coli
125
Shingllosis, dysentery, (bloody diarrhea)
Shigella dysenteriae
126
Peptic ulcer disease (urase)
Helicobacter pylori
127
Rice water stools
Vibrio cholerae
128
Typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
129
Black Death
Yersinia pestis
130
leading cause of nosocomial infection
ESKAPE PATHOGENS
131
Eskape pathogens
Enterococcus faecium
132
eSkape pathogens
Staphylococcus aureus
133
esKape pathogens
Klebsiella pnemoniae
134
eskApe pathogens
Acinetobacter baumannii
135
eskaPe pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
136
eskapE pathogens
Enterobacter spp.
137
a disease occurs occasionally
Ex. Dengue
Sporadic disease
138
disease constantly (no increase) present in a population
Endemic disease
139
a disease acquired in a given area in a relatively short
period of time
Epidemic disease
140
SEVERITY OR DURATION OF DISEASE
develops rapidly but last only a short time
Acute disease
141
a disease occurs worldwide
Pandemic
142
SEVERITY OR DURATION OF DISEASE
develops more slowly but disease is continual or
recurrent for long period
Chronic disease
143
SEVERITY OR DURATION OF DISEASE
intermediate between acute & chronic
Subacute disease
144
SEVERITY OR DURATION OF DISEASE
the causative agent remains inactive for a time then
becomes active to produce symptoms
Ex. Varicella - chicken pox
Zoster virus - shingles
Latent disease
145
PROPER SEQUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DISEASE
time interval between initial infection & first appearance of signs & symptoms
Incubation period
146
PROPER SEQUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DISEASE
the time when disease is most acute, the exhibits
overt signs & symptoms.
Period of illness / invasive phase
147
PROPER SEQUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DISEASE
when signs & symptoms subside
Decline phase
148
149
PROPER SEQUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DISEASE
time following incubation period when the first
symptoms of illness appear
Prodromal period
150
PROPER SEQUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DISEASE
recovery period, when the body returns to its predisease state
Convalescence phase
151
Peak of sign and symptoms
Acme
152
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION
According to the extent host’s body is affected
invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body
Local infection
153
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION
According to the extent host’s body is affected
microorganism or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph
Systemic / Generalized Infection
154
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION
According to the extent host’s body is affected
when agents of a local infection enters a blood or lymphatic vessel & spread to other specific parts of the
body, where hey confined to specific areas of the body began as an infection in one place & can arise from infections areas such as the teeth, tonsils, or sinuses
Focal infection
155
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION
According to the extent host’s resistance
an acute infection that causes the initial illness
Primary infection
156
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION
According to the extent host’s resistance
caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infection has weakened the host’s defenses
Secondary infection
157
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION
According to the extent host’s resistance
does not cause a noticeable illness
Subclinical infection (inapparent)
158
complete destruction of all forms of microbial life, including endospores
Sterilization
159
Number of patient w/ illness
Morbidity
160
Number of death per population
Mortality
161
sufficient heat treatment to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned foods.
Commercial sterilization
162
destruction of vegetative pathogens usually on inanimate surfaces/objects.
Disinfection
163
destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue.
Antisepsis
164
mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area.
Degerming
165
refers to the application of treatment intended to lower microbial counts to safe public health levels.
Sanitization
166
agent produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms
Antibiotics
167
Boiling or Flowing Steam - 100C within 10 minutes
Autoclaving - 121C, 15 psi, 15-20 minutes
Protein denaturation
- glassware, heat stable
Bioindicator: ________
MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION;
Bacillus stearothermophilus
168
Bioindicator for moist heat sterilization
Bacillus stearothermophilus
169
72C for about 15 sec (60C for 30 min)
Protein denaturation
- moderate temperature
- used in dairy products
PASTERIZATION
170
100C for 15-20 min x 3time
Protein denaturation
TYNDALLIZATION OR FRACTIONAL STEAM STERILIZATION
171
preferred method of sterilization for moisture sensitivity material.
Bioindicator: ________
DRY HEAT;
Bacillus subtilis
172
170C for 2 hrs
Oxidative
Bioindicator: ________
Hot air oven;
Bacillus subtilis
173
Burning contaminants to ash
Oxidative
Bioindicator: ________
Direct Flaming;
Bacillus subtilis
174
Burning to ash
Oxidative
Bioindicator: ________
Incineration;
Bacillus subtilis
175
Laminar air flow hoods
Preparation of parenterals
Efficiency of 99.97% in removing particles 0.3 mcm or grater in size
Physical separation
- for heat sensitive materials (enzyme, antibiotic sol’n)
FILTRATION HEPA filter (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter)
176
Test for HEPA Filter
Dioctyl phthalate test (DOP)
177
retains viruses & large proteins
Membrane Filter
178
has a bacteriostatic effect
COLD Refrigeration
179
quick-frozen between -50C &-95C
Deep-freezing
180
most effective method for long term preservation of microbial culture; water removed by high vacuum at low temperature.
Lyophilization
181
Food preservation
Alteration of molecular structure
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
182
WHAT TYPE OF RADIATION
Destruction of DNA
-> used for sterilizing pharmaceuticals & medical &
dental supplies.
Ex. _____ (<1nm)
Ionizing;
Gamma rays
183
RADIATION
Damage of DNA
-> control of closed environment w/ UV (germicidal)
lamp.
Bioindicator: _________
Non-ionizing;
Bacillus pamilus
184
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
kills by injury cell membrane -> leakage of cell content
Phenol / carbolic acid
185
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
protein denaturation & lipid dissolution
Alcohol
186
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
oxidation
Halogens & Peroxygens
187
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
protein & enzymes denaturation
Heavy metals
188
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
Protein denaturation
Aldehyde
189
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
Metabolic inhibition
Organic acid
190
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
Mechanical removal of microbes (Anionic), enzyme inhibition and protein denaturation (cationic)
Surfactant
191
CHEMICAL METHODS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH
Alkylation
Ethylene oxide
192
PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Its mission is to guarantee equitable, sustainable and
quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor, and to lead the quest for excellence in health.
Department of Health (DOH)
193
PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Its main responsibility is to license and regulate the
delivery of pharmaceuticals in the Phil
- It is also tasked to test the safety of food and cosmetics.
Food and Drug Administration
194
PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Promoted the membership of every Filipino in the healthcare program, particularly the indigent sectors of the population.
- Consequently, it established PhilHealth
Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
195
PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
The objective of the ______________ shall be
the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.
Its main functions can be summed up as follows: to act
as a directing and coordinating authority on international health work, to ensure valid and productive technical cooperation, and to promote research.
World Health Organization (WHO)
196
PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Provide health insurance coverage and ensure
affordable, acceptable, available and accessible health
care services for all citizens of the Philippines. It shall serve as the means for the healthy to help pay for the care of the sick and for those who can afford
medical care to subsidize those who cannot.
PhilHealth
197
PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
The objective of _______ children's rights and business agenda is to promote the corporate responsibility to respect and support children's rights in the work place, market place and community in conjunction with the government duty to protect and safeguard children's rights.
United Nation Internationl Children Emergency Funds (UNICEF)
198
HEALTH PROGRAMS
Standardized treatment, with supervision and patient support
o An effective drug supply and management system
Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS)
199
HEALTH PROGRAMS
launched as a blueprint of reform implementation aiming for a more responsive health system, more
equitable health financing, and better health outcomes
Fourmula 1
200
HEALTH PROGRAMS
First launched in 1996 which encouraged communities to seek and destroy breeding places of mosquitoes
4 o’clock habit
201
HEALTH PROGRAMS
Education for patients with Diabetes and Hypertension
Hypertension and Diabetes Club
202
HEALTH PROGRAMS
promote quality health care from the barrios to the cities
Sentrong sigla
202
IMMUNOLOGY
chemical substances that bind to & react w/ the antibody
Antigen
203
IMMUNOLOGY
proteins or immunoglobulins secreted in the bloodstream by B- cells/ lymphocytes; neutralize bacterial toxin
Antibodies
204
IMMUNITY
ability of the immune system to recognize & defend the host against harmful substances & microbes
Immunity
205
IMMUNITY
natural defense mechanisms: skin, phagocytes (macrophages), NK cells, inflammatory response, fever, interferons, complement system
Non-specific immunity
206
first line defense against Viruses
Interferon
207
IMMUNITY
is the presence of immunity to a disease in most of the population.
- principle states that a sufficient number of persons
immune to a disease reduces circulation of the organism
Herd immunity
208
Responds rapidly / No memory
Non-specific
INNATE IMMUNITY
209
Slow to start / Highly specific
Specific / with memory
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
210
Skin, mucus membrane, normal microbiota
First line defense
211
Phagocytes, macrophages, NKcells, lymphocytes
Second line defense
212
Adaptive immunity:
B-cells
Humoral immunity
213
Adaptive immunity:
T-cells
Cellular immunity
214
ANTIBODIES:
Primary infection & largest
IgM
215
ANTIBODIES:
Can cross placenta
IgG
216
ANTIBODIES:
Allergic reaction
IgE
217
ANTIBODIES:
Secretions (colostrum)
IgA
218
ANTIBODIES:
No known function
IgD
219
TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Transfer of antibodies from a mother to child
Naturally-acquired;
Passive
220
TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
When person is exposed to antigens
Naturally-acquired;
Active
221
TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Introduction of antibodies
Artificially-acquired;
Passive
222
TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Developed antibodies
Artificially-acquired;
Active
223
a preparation containing weakened or dead microbes
of the kind that cause a disease, administered to
stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
against that disease
VACCINES
224
use living, but attenuated (weakened) microbes
Ex:
Mumps
Measles (15 months of age or older)
Rubella
Chickenpox
Sabin polio
Vaccine
Attenuated whole agent vaccines
225
use microbes that have been killed, Usually by formalin or phenol
Ex:
Rabies
Influenza
Salk polio
vaccine
Pneumococcal
pneumonia
Cholera
Pertussis
Typhoid
Inactivated whole agent vaccines
226
Inactivated toxins
- are vaccines directed at the toxin produced by a pathogen
Ex:
Tetanus
Toxoid
227
consist of an antigenic fragment of microorganism
that best stimulate a immune response
Ex:
Hepa B
Subunit vaccine
228
Genetic engineering
Recombinant vaccine
229
Consist of antigenic parts
Acellular vaccine
230
Represents the amount of oxygen consumed
by _______ and other microorganisms while they
decompose _______ matter under aerobic (oxygen is
present) conditions at a specified temperature.
BACTERIA;
ORGANIC
231
In the presence of ______, aerobic bacteria
use the organic matter found in wastewater as _____.
free oxygen;
“FOOD”
232
Relationship: The more “food” present in the waste, the ________ the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) will be required, the ______ the BOD
HIGHER;
HIGHER
233
Father of epidemiology
Dr. John Snow
234
Society and Disease
Michael Foucault
235
Father of western medicine
Hippocrates
236
Person to person
Direct contact
237
Infection from hospital
Nosocomial infection
238
Phase before initial signs and symptoms
Incubation
239
Number of death in a population
Mortality
240
Prevent development of disease
Primary prevention
241
Cannot be observed
Symptoms
242
Liver cirrhosis
Chronic
243
Benefits each other
Mutualism
