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Public Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the sepsis 6?

A
  • Give O2 to keep oxygen above 94%
  • take blood cultures
  • give IV antibiotics
  • give a fluid challenge
  • measure lactate
  • measure urine output
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2
Q

What is the maximum units of alcohol that should be had in a week

A

14

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3
Q

What is the highest quality study design?

A

Systematic review

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4
Q

When should a new born baby check occur?

A

7-8 weeks

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5
Q

What is PHQ-9?

A

Tool for screening depression

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6
Q

What is divine command ethics?

A

Is it commanded by God?

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7
Q

What is virtue ethics?

A

looks at virtue or moral character of the person carrying out the action, rather than ethical duties or rules or consequences

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8
Q

What is utilitarism?

A

Actions are right if they do the most benefit to the most people

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9
Q

What is deontology?

A

morality of an action is based on the action itself rather than the consequences

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10
Q

What is consequentialism?

A

action is judged only by its consequences

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11
Q

What are the four phases of Iceberg concept of disease?

A

Pre-symptomatic, undiagnosed/wrongly diagnosed, diagnosed (uncontrolled), diagnosed (controlled)

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12
Q

What is an ecological study?

A

population-based data rather than individual data

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13
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

Prevalence study

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14
Q

What is a case control study?

A

looks at people with a disease and compares with a control

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15
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

incidence study, follows a group of people over a period of time

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16
Q

What is a intervention study?

A

do something and compare to no intervention

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17
Q

What is a confounding factor in a randomised controlled trial?

A

when the effect of an intervention is distorted because of the association with other factors that influences the outcome

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18
Q

What is the principle of necessity?

A

When a patient is unable to give consent, you can only give treatment to save life or limb in the emergency

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19
Q

What is the disability paradox?

A

people with a disability report a higher QoL

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20
Q

What is the R number?

A

defined as the average number of secondary cases generated by a primary case

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21
Q

What are the five focal virtues?

A

Compassion, discernment (why as well as how), trustworthiness, integrity, conscientiousness

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22
Q

what is objective uncertainty?

A
  • aleatory: can’t know any more

- epistemic: don’t know any more

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23
Q

What is subjective uncertainty?

A
  • ethical: don’t know what I should do

- choice: don’t know what I want to do

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24
Q

What are psychosocial factors that increase the risk of CHD?

A
  • type A personality
  • depression/anxiety
  • psychosocial work contracts: long work hours, high demand/low control
  • lack of social support
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25
What is give in alcohol withdrawal?
chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride
26
What is given in severe alcohol dependence?
naltrexone
27
What is given in an opioid OD?
naloxone
28
What are two screening tools for alcoholism?
1. Alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) | 2. CAGE
29
What are the 6 stages of change in the trans-theoretical model?
1. precontemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action (<6 months stopped) 5. maintenance 6. relapse
30
What is sensitivity in regards to screening?
measures how well a test picks up those with disease
31
What is specificity in regards to screening?
measures how well it recognises those without disease
32
what is addiction defined as?
physical and psychological dependence
33
What is the defined BMI or % body weight in anorexia nervosa?
- BMI <17.5 | - 85% body weight
34
What vaccine should pregnant women get?
flu vaccine and whooping cough vaccine
35
What vaccines are given to babies at 8 weeks
- 6 in 1 - rota virus - Men B
36
What does the 6 in 1 vaccine protect from?
whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, HepB, Hib, polio
37
What vaccines are given at 12 weeks?
- 6 in 1 (second dose) - pneumococcal - rota virus (second dose)
38
What vaccines are given at 16 weeks?
- 6 in 1 (third dose) | - MenB (second dose)
39
What vaccines are given at 1 year?
- Hib/MenC - MMR - PCV (second dose) - MenB (third dose)
40
What vaccines are given at 3 years and 4 months
- MMR (2nd vaccine) | - 4 in 1 preschool booster
41
What vaccine is given at 12 years?
HPV
42
What vaccine is given at 65 years?
- pneumococcal | - flu vaccine
43
What vaccine is given at 70 years?
Shingles
44
Is HIV a notifiable disease?
no
45
What is the definition of bias?
systemic deviation from true estimation of association between exposure and outcome
46
What is selection bias?
systemic error when selecting/allocating study participants
47
What is information bias?
systematic error in measurement/classification
48
what is absolute risk?
risk of developing a disease over a time period
49
What is a relative risk?
risk of getting a disease in a exposed group compared to non exposed group
50
What is attributable risk (aka ARR)
rate of disease in exposed that may be attributed to exposure
51
What is NNT? (number needed to treat)
number of people needed to treat (for 1 person to benefit). NNT = 1/ ARR
52
What is prevalence?
number of cases present in a particular population at a given time
53
What is incidence?
number of new cases in a given time period
54
What is the prevention paradox?
contradictory situation where majority of cases come from low risk group and majority from high risk group
55
What is the inverse care law?
the availability of good health or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served
56
What is the unit from BMI?
kg/m^2
57
What are the values for each BMI group?
- underweight: <18.4 - Normal range: 18.5-24.9 - overweight: 25-29.9 - obese (Class I): 30-34.9 - obese (class II): 35-39.9 - obese (class III): >40
58
What is primary prevention?
preventing disease occurence
59
What is secondary prevention?
early detection and diagnosis of disease
60
What is tertiary prevention?
targets controlling the disease once is has begun to progress, to avoid further complications
61
What is quaternary prevention?
prevention of over medication and diagnosis of disease
62
What age is the shingles vaccine offered at?
70 and 79
63
What is the necessity concerns framework?
- necessity beliefs: percieved personal need for medication - concerns: about adverse effects - adherence requires increased necessity beliefs, decreased concerns
64
What are the four possible mechanisms set out in the black report to explain widening socio-economic health inequalities?
1. artefact 2. social selection 3. behaviour 4. material circumstances
65
What are the main genera that cause influenza outbreak in humans?
A and B - A is more severe - B causes less severe disease, with sporadic outbreaks
66
What is antigenic drift and what does it cause?
Minor genetic variation. Causes seasonal epidemics
67
What is antigenic shift
Gene reassortment and major variation. Associated with pandemics
68
What does naltrexone do in alcohol treatment?
cause rapid detox
69
What is activation syndrome?
seen in alcohol withdrawal. Tremours, agitation, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure. Seizures
70
What is top down deductive?
one ethical theory consistenly applied to problems
71
What is bottom-up ethical arguments?
previous medical problems guide practice
72
Why does phase 1 and phase 2 drug processing occur?
Because the kidney can't excrete lipid soluble things
73
What are cholinergic receptors?
muscarinic and nicotinic. All synapses except post ganglion sympathetic Respond to ACh
74
What are adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta. | - activated by catecholamines
75
What do A1 receptors do?
vasoconstriction, increase blood pressure, increase peripheral resistance
76
What do A2 receptors do?
inhibit noriepinephrine, ACh and insulin release
77
What do B1 receptors do?
tachycardia, lipolysis
78
What do B2 receptors do?
decrease peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, glycogenolysis
79
What is organisation (pathology)
scarring (replacement of granulation tissue by fibrosis)
80
What are the cells involved in acute inflammation?
neutrophils and monocytes
81
What are the cells involved in chronic inflammation?
lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
82
What is suppuration?
formation of pus
83
What cells are involved in arterial thrombus vs venous?
1. arterial: platelets | 2. venous: RBC
84
What direction do malignant and benign tumours grow?
- benign: outwards (exophytic) | - malignant: inwards (endophytic)

GI P2a (12 decks)

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