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Public health > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CDC’s definition of Public Health?

A

Public health aims to provide a group of people the right to be healthy and to live in conditions that support health

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2
Q

What is the core function of Public Health?

A

Assurance
Policy Development
Assessment

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3
Q

What are the three components of patient health trifecta?

A

access
quality
affordable
These three components are very important for people to have in their public health care

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4
Q

What is the population health approach?

A

Aims to improve the whole population’s health and reduce health bias

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5
Q

What is one health?

A

focus on the connections between human health, environmental health, and animal health

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6
Q

Health in All Policies

A

A collaborative approach that integrates and articulates health considerations into policymaking that helps improve the health of all communities and people

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7
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

Three components are
- economics
- social policies
- politics

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8
Q

Downstream vs upstream

A

downstream= proximal
upstream= distal

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9
Q

Socio-Ecological Framework

A

Social/ Policy
Cummunity
Institutional
Interpersonal
Individual

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10
Q

High-Risk Approach

A

Target: the at-risk population which are those who have a higher probability of developing the disease
Aim: decrease the risk of the disease among the at-risk population
Assumption: The at-risk population are more likely to spread the disease

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11
Q

Improving the Average

A

Target: the entire population
Aim: Reduce the risk of everyone developing the disease
Assumption: everyone is at the same risk of developing the disease. Focusing on the entire population and not just a certain person.

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12
Q

Population Health Across the Lifecycle

A

All of the lifecycles from prenatal to postmortem

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13
Q

Demographic Transition

A

seeing an population birth rates or death rates decrease or increase
baby bust or baby boom

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14
Q

Nutritional Transition

A

Food desert or food swap. Watch the trends of certain diets in an certain population

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15
Q

Epidemiology

A

looking at the spread of a disease that impacted a population. It can be either noncommunicable or communicatel

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16
Q

P E R I E Approach

A

Problem: what is the problem?
Etiology: what is the cause of the problem?
Recommendations: What can we do to reduce the problem?
Implementation: How well did we get the job done?
Evaluation: How well did the practice improve the problem?

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17
Q

Course of disease

A

to the development of the disease and how fast it has spread

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18
Q

Burden of Disease

A

the impact of a health problem on a given population

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19
Q

Morbidity

A

the measure of disability

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20
Q

Mortality

A

death rates

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21
Q

A criterion for Contributory Cause

A
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22
Q

“A” recommendation

A

must- strong recommendation

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23
Q

“B” recommendation

A

should- in general, the intervention should be used unless there are good reasons or contraindications for not doing so

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24
Q

“C” recommendation

A

may- the use of judgment is often needed on an individual-by-individual basis. Individual recommendations depend on the specifics of an individual’s situation, risk-taking attitudes, and values

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25
Q

“D” recommendations

A

don’t- there is enough evidence to recommend against using the intervention

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26
Q

“I” recommendations

A

indeterminant, insufficient or i don’t know- the evidence is inadequate to make a recommendation for or against the use of intervention at the present time

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27
Q

The criterion for Contributory Cause

A

the cause is associated with the effect at an individual level
cause precedes the effect in time
cause alters the effect

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28
Q

Primary interventions

A

before the onset of the disease

29
Q

Secondary Interventions

A

after the development of a disease

30
Q

Tertiary intervention

A

Post diagnosis
managing the disease

31
Q

Infant Mortality

A

death before 12 months

32
Q

Under-five mortality

A

death before the age five years old

33
Q

Gini Coefficient

A

measuring income on a 0-1 scale
0 is when the whole population gets the same income
1 is when only one individual receives the income

34
Q

HPA AXIS

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal

35
Q

Stages of Change

A

Percontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

36
Q

Three basic Principles of IRB

A

respect for people
beneficience
justice

37
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

Protection of human rights
to merge Hippocratic ethics and protections rights into a single code

38
Q

Belmont Report

A

focused on key issues of defining informed consent and the selection of participants and led to the development of the IRB

39
Q

Tuskegee Study

A

A clinical study was conducted between 1932 to 1972.
This study was to observe the natural history of untreated syphilis
The population that suffered the most from this clinical study was African American men.
This study was unethical because they didn’t ask for consent from participants and participants were not offered available treatments.

40
Q

4 P’s of social marketing

A

Price
product
place
promotion

41
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

A disease that has a prolonged course that does not resolve spontaneously and for which a complete cure may be difficult to achieve

42
Q

Characteristics of Noncommunicable Diseases

A

*Complex multifactorial causes
*Long latency period
*Prolonged course of illness
*Functional impairment/disability
*Common etiologies across dissimilar conditions

43
Q

Non-modifiable Risk Factors

A

*Aspects of behavior, lifestyle, environments, or heredity that cannot be reduced or controlled (through intervention) to change the likelihood of disease
-Age
-Gender
-Race/ethnicity
-Family history

44
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors

A

Aspects of behavior, lifestyle, or environments that can reduce or control (through intervention) the likelihood of disease
-Tobacco use
-Physical inactivity
-Excess alcohol use
-Unhealthy diets
-Unprotected sex

45
Q

Screening Criteria

A
  1. Disease produces substantial death and or/disability
  2. Early detection is possible and improves the outcome
  3. There is a feasible testing strategy for screening
  4. Screening is acceptable in terms of harm, costs, and patient acceptance
46
Q

Lead-time bias

A

Bias is introduced when screening detects disease earlier and thus lengthens the time from diagnosis to death; early detection is confused with increased survival

47
Q

False Positive

A

Individuals who have positive results on a screening test but do not have the disease

48
Q

False Negative

A

Individuals who have negative results on a screening tests but have the disease

49
Q

True Positive

A

individuals who have a positive result on the screening test and actually have the disease

50
Q

Multiple Risk Factor Reduction

A

Form of intervention aimed at risk factors; strategy intervenes simultaneously in a series of risk factors, all of which contribute to a particular outcome

51
Q

Cost Effectiveness

A

Concept that combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs; starts by considering the benefits and harms of an intervention to determine its net effectiveness/net benefit

52
Q

Net-Effectiveness/Net Benefit

A

Implies that the benefits are substantially greater than the harms, even after the value (or utility), as well as the timing of the harms and benefits, are taken into account

53
Q

Prediction Rules

A

Rules developed based on large amounts of clinical data hold out the hope of increased effectiveness, as well as reduced costs by tailoring the treatment to the individual patient

54
Q

communicable disease

A

may be caused by a wide variety of organisms, ranging from bacteria to viruses to a spectrum of parasites

55
Q

epidemics

A

an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time

56
Q

endemic

A
57
Q

pandemic

A
58
Q

altered environment

A
59
Q

unaltered environment

A
60
Q

built environment

A
61
Q

Hazards

A
62
Q

interaction analysis

A
63
Q

multiplicative interaction

A
64
Q

interaction analysis

A
65
Q

healthy communities

A
66
Q

health equity

A
67
Q

intentional injuries

A
68
Q

unintentional injuries

A
69
Q

all hazards approach

A

Public health (1 decks)

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