Public Health

Question 1

Public health aim

Answer 1

prevent > treat

Question 2

Definition of public health

Answer 2

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts of society
Involves health needs assessment:
- epidemiology
- diagnosis
- treatment

Question 3

Who is involved?

Answer 3

Collective responsibility:
- individual
- government
- friends/family

Question 4

Outcomes of public health

Answer 4

1. Increase healthy life expectancy
2. Decrease difference in life expectancy and healthy life expectancies between communities

Question 5

Public Health England

Answer 5

1. Health protection - UK health security agency (UKHSA)
2. Health improvements - Office of Health Improvements and Disparities (OHID)
3. Health promotion - OHID
4. Strengthen local responses - NHS, local, volunteers

Question 6

Protection

Answer 6

immunisation, screening, infections disease control, enviro hazards, emergency response, MHRA reporting

Question 7

Improvements strategies for public health

Answer 7

weight management, exercise, smoking cessation, work health, mental wellbeing, drug and alcohol service, inequalities, employment, housing, education, sexual health

Question 8

Prevention

Answer 8

focus on health disparities, aim for increased life expectancy, improve healthier lives, reduce pressures on healthcare, tackle deliberating health conditions before develop

Question 9

Promotion strategies for public health

Answer 9

keep public safe 24/7, work towards a fairer society, healthier region, strengthen public healthcare systems

Question 10

Key indicators of health inequality

Answer 10

life expectancy, infant mortality, cancer and vascular disease deaths, teenage pregnancy, road accident casualities, access to primary care, flu vaccinations, smoking, education, fruit and veg, housing, PE and school sport, poor children, homelessness

Question 11

Pharmacoepidemiology

Answer 11

studying the use and effects of medications in large populations.

• benefits vs. risks
• outcome analysis
• identify ADRs and SEs
• protection from harm

Methods: licensing, correct directions on label, legislation (MHRA, PPP), safe storage (keep away from children) , contra-indications (e.g. Aspirin >16yrs due to Reyes syndrome), patient counselling, PIL, pharmacovigilance

Question 12

High Risk Meds

Answer 12

NSAIDs - bleeding, eGRF
Diuretics - eGFR, hypotension, gout, electrolytes
Warfarin - bleeding, INR
ACEi - eGFR, hypotension, electrolytes, angioedema
AntiDs - confusion, hypotension, contripation, bleeding, reduce Na+
BB - bradycardia, heart block, hypotension, wheezing
Opiates - consitpation, N+V, dependence, urinary retention, pruritus
Digoxin - toxic (0.2-2mcg/L)
Prednisolone - gastritis, GI bleed, hyperglycaemia, OP
Clopidogrel - GI bleed
Phenytoin - toxic (10-20mcg)

Question 13

Improving healthcare services

Answer 13

1. Audit
2. Equality
3. Clinical Governance
4. Service planning
5. Efficiency
6. Clinical effectiveness

Question 14

Examples of public health campaigns

Answer 14

NRT - smoking cessation
Orlistat - weight loss
Alendronate - reduce OP risk
Metformin - prevent T2DM (unlicenced)