Public health

Question 1

State the 3 types of health behaviours

Answer 1

1. Health behaviours (preventive actions)
2. Illness behaviour (seeking remedies)
3. Sick role behaviour (actions to recover)

Question 2

State the main types of public health interventions

Answer 2

1. Population-level (immunisation)
2. Individual-level (patient centred care)

Question 3

State the factors that influence risk perception

Answer 3

1. Lack of personal experience
2. Belief in preventability
3. Belief in low likelihood if not experienced
4. Perception of rarity

Question 4

State the Health Belief Model

Answer 4

A behaviour change model where individuals more likely to change if:
1. Believe in susceptibility
2. Severity of consequences
3. Benefit of action
4. Benefits outweigh costs

Question 5

State Theory of Planned Behaviour

Answer 5

Behaviour change is:
1. Driven by intention
2. Influenced by attitude
3. Social norms
4. Perceived control

Question 6

State determinants of health

Answer 6

1. Genes
2. Environment
3. Lifestyle
4. Healthcare access

Question 7

How is equity different from equality in healthcare

Answer 7

1. Equity
   
   • Fair treatment based on individual need
2. Equality
   
   • Everyone receives same share regardless of need

Question 8

State the types of health needs

Answer 8

1. Felt need
2. Expressed need
3. Normative need (professionally defined)
4. Comparative need (based on comparisons)

Question 9

State the main approaches to health needs assessment

Answer 9

1. Epidemiological (based on data)
2. Corporate (stakeholder input)
3. Comparative (comparing different groups’ needs)

Question 10

State Maxwell’s dimensions of healthcare quality

Answer 10

1. Effectiveness
2. Efficiency
3. Equity
4. Acceptability
5. Accessibility
6. Appropriateness

Question 11

State difference between incidence and prevalence in epidemiology

Answer 11

1. Incidence
   
   • Number of new cases over time
2. Prevalence
   
   • Number of existing cases at a given time

Question 12

State Bradford Hill criteria for causality

Answer 12

1. Strength of association
2. Dose-response
3. Consistency
4. Temporality
5. Reversibility
6. Biological plausibility
7. Coherence
8. Analogy
9. Specificity

Question 13

State the 3 types of prevention

Answer 13

1. Primary (preventing disease)
2. Secondary (early detection)
3. Tertiary (managing disease for quality of life)

Question 14

State prevention paradox

Answer 14

Preventive measure may benefit the population overall but offer little benefit to individual participants

Question 15

State common types of epidemiological studies

Answer 15

1. Cohort studies
2. Case-control studies
3. Cross-sectional studies
4. RCT
5. Ecological studies
6. Meta-analysis
7. Systematic review

Question 16

Summarise Fraser Guidelines

Answer 16

Determine if minor can consent to medical treatment without parental knowledge

Question 17

What criteria make a disease a public health concern

Answer 17

1. High mortality
2. High morbidity
3. Contagiousness
4. Treatment costs
   5, Availability of effective intervention

Question 18

Summarise Bolam Rule in medical negligence

Answer 18

Assesses if a reasonable doctor would have acted similarly in the same situation

Question 19

Summarise Swiss Cheese Model of Error

Answer 19

1. Multiple layers of defence in healthcare can fail
2. Allowing errors to pass through gaps

Question 20

What are the 3 domains of public health

Answer 20

1. Health improvement (education, housing, employment)
2. Health protection (immunisation)
3. Healthcare (clinical effectiveness and governance)

Question 21

What are the Stages of Change model

Answer 21

1. Behaviour change as progression through stages
2. Potential relapse
3. And different speed of change

Question 22

State factors that contribute to food behaviours in early life

Answer 22

1. Maternal diet
2. Breastfeeding
3. Parenting practices
4. Age of solid food introduction
5. Types of food given

Question 23

What are non-organic feeding disorders (NOFED) in young children?

Answer 23

1. Feeding aversion
2. Food refusal

Question 24

Summarise ‘Unrealistic Optimism’ in health behaviour

Answer 24

1. Belief risk is lower than it is
2. Leading to continued health damaging behaviours

Question 25

What is confounding in public health research

Answer 25

1. A situation where an external factor associated with both the exposure and the outcome 2. Affecting results independently of the main exposure

Question 26

Summarise Wilson and Junger's criteria for screening programs

Answer 26

1. Important condition 2. Detectable latent stage 3. Validated and safe test 4. Cost-effectiveness 5. Effective treatment options for early detected cases

Question 27

What does the duty of candor entail for HCPs

Answer 27

1. Requirement to be open and honest with Pts 2. When treatment errors cause or have potential to cause harm or distress

Question 28

State never events in healthcare

Answer 28

1. Serious preventable incidents that should not occur if proper preventive measures in place

Question 29

State common types of bias in epidemiological studies

Answer 29

1. Selection bias 2. Information bias 3. Allocation bias 4. Publication bias 5. Lead-time bias 6. Length-time bias

Question 30

State difference between absolute risk and relative risk

Answer 30

1. Absolute - Actual risk number 2. Relative - Compare risk between 2 different groups

Question 31

State the types of screening

Answer 31

1. Population-based screening 2. Opportunistic screening 3. Communicable disease screening 4. Pre-employment medicals 5. Commercially provided screening

Question 32

Summarise Gillick competence

Answer 32

1. Legal standard 2. Assess if child under 16 3. Consent to medical treatment 4. Based on understanding, maturity and capacity