Public Health

Question 1

Change behaviours (x4)

Answer 1

Perceived susceptibility
Perceived barriers
Benefits
Self efficacy

Question 2

Sensitivity

Answer 2

Probability someone with disease tests positive

True positives/ number of people with disease

Question 3

Specificity

Answer 3

Probability someone without the disease testing negative

True negatives/number of people without the disease

Question 4

PPV

Answer 4

Proportion of people who test positive who actually have the disease

True positives/ number positive results

Question 5

NPV

Answer 5

Proportion of people without the diseases correctly excluded

True negatives/ total negatives

Question 6

Screening principles

Answer 6

I Understand SCREEN
Important, understand natural history, sensitive test, common problem, risk outweigh benefits, early/latent phase, expense low, non-invasive treatment

Question 7

Reasons for smoking

Answer 7

Nicotine addiction
Habit 
Social 
Fear of weight gain 
Coping with stress

Question 8

Pandemic criteria (x5)

Answer 8

Novel virus 
Capable of infecting humans 
Capable of causing human illness
Large pool of susceptible people 
Ready and sustainable transmission form person to person

Question 9

The sick role (x4)

Answer 9

Exempt from normal social roles
Not responsible for condition
Try to get well
Seek help and co-operate with medical advice

Question 10

Why is pandemic risk changing (x4)

Answer 10

Large population
International travel
Crowding
Animal husbandry changed

Question 11

Chain of infection (x5)

Answer 11

Susceptible host 
Person to spread 
Portal exit for agent (faecal oral) 
Portal entry 
Susceptible host

Question 12

Ethanol in a unit

Answer 12

10ml or 8g

Question 13

Units allowance

Answer 13

Men 3-4 (28)

Women 2-3 (21)

Question 14

Unit calculation

Answer 14

%by vol x liquid in ml/1000

Question 15

CAGE

Answer 15

Cut down?
Annoyed
Guilty
Eye opener

Question 16

Adherence

Answer 16

Acknowledge importance of patients beliefs

Question 17

Concordance

Answer 17

Thinking of patients as equals in care

Question 18

Doctrine of dual effect

Answer 18

If you administer a drug to relieve pain in does that could kill, provided you meant to relieve pain and not cause harm you are not being unlawful

Question 19

Autonomy

Answer 19

Allow patient to make a rational informed decision

Question 20

Beneficence

Answer 20

Doing the right thing to benefit other

Question 21

Non maleficence

Answer 21

Do no harm, prevent harm, reduce harm

Question 22

Justice

Answer 22

Being fair

Question 23

5 focal virtues

Answer 23

Trustworthiness 
Compassion 
Discernment 
Integrity 
Conscientiousness

Question 24

Conscientiousness

Answer 24

Thorough, careful, vigilant

Question 25

Integrity

Answer 25

Honest and moral

Question 26

Compassion

Answer 26

Response to suffering that motivates to help

Question 27

Trustworthiness

Answer 27

Reliable, dependable

Question 28

Discernment

Answer 28

Right decision

Question 29

PICO

Answer 29

Population Intervention Comparator Outcome

Question 30

4 principles of EBM

Answer 30

Ask a focused question Finding evidence Cortical appraisal Make a decision

Question 31

Validity

Answer 31

How close to the truth

Question 32

Reliability

Answer 32

Consistency

Question 33

Association due to

Answer 33

``` Bias Chance Confounding Reserve causality true causality ```

Question 34

3 criteria of good study

Answer 34

Random allocation of participants to interventions Outcome measures for at least 80% Show causation rather than association

Question 35

Likelihood result is causal

Answer 35

``` Consistent Strength of association Dose-response relationship Biological plausibility Coherence with existing theories ```

Question 36

Cohort

Answer 36

Forward in time + causal, incidence - time, cost, attrition of cohort

Question 37

Cross sectional

Answer 37

Point in time + quick, cover whole population - not causal, self report

Question 38

Case control

Answer 38

Back in time + cheap causal - unreliable

Question 39

RCT

Answer 39

Forward with intervention + avoid bias, ecological, evaluative - cost, time, ethical

Question 40

Systematic review

Answer 40

Review of a clearly formulated question using methods to identify select and critically appraise research, collect and analyse data from studies included in review

Question 41

Graph type for meta analysis?

Answer 41

Forest plot

Question 42

Positive skew

Answer 42

Mode

Question 43

Negative skew

Answer 43

Mode > median > mean

Question 44

Increase sample size effects on SE and CI

Answer 44

Decrease