Public Health Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What changed military hygiene?
A
gunpowder-many more people died from infections and seriousness of the injury
2
Q
Elizabethan poor Act
A
defined what was considered poverty
established indoor and outdoor relief
3
Q
indoor relief
A
workhouses, orphanages, hospitals, alms houses
4
Q
outdoor relief
A
dole, left in their homes
5
Q
John Graunt
A
first demographer, kept records of deaths, diseases, and births
estimate population for the first time
6
Q
Effects of industrial revolution
A
pauper children (apprentice slavery)
workhouses for those too poor or old to support themselves
oliver twist
7
Q
English Sanitary Reform
A
first sanitary legislation was enacted
8
Q
Edwin Chadwick
A
wrote: report on an inquiry into the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great Britain
lead to the establishment of general board of health
called for improvements in sanitation and hygiene
9
Q
following chadwick’s report legislation was passed concerning:
A
factory management
child welfare
care of the aged
10
Q
Florence Nightingale
A
entered nursing profession in response to a pauper’s death in a workhouse in London that became a public scandal
famous contributioon to the crimean war
lady with the lamp
2000patients single handed
established nightingale school of nursing
11
Q
Jeffery Amherst
A
british general, smallpox blankets, jerk
12
Q
what was the cause of the decimation of Jamestown and Roanoke Island?
A
Smallpox!
13
Q
Marine Hospital Fund
A
established by first congress in response to merchant seamen that did not have permanent homes, physicians in each port to care for seamen
14
Q
Marine Hospital Service
A
organized as a natinal agency, supervising medical officer later the surgeon general
15
Q
Port Quarantine Act
A
due to yellow fever outbreaks immigration restricted to ports allowed physicians to apply bacteriology learned about carriers administered immunizations to immigrates
16
Q
USPHS
A
formally marine hospital service
under direction of surgeon general
17
Q
What/who established the National Leprosarium?
A
USPHS
18
Q
When was the establishment for the first agency for veneral diseases?
A
because of the first world war
19
Q
Why was narcotics division formed?
A
response to opium use and recognition of addiction
20
Q
Who militarized the PHS?
A
President Wilson in anticipation of entry into WWI with an executive order
21
Q
hospital services and construction act
A
after WWII congress gave the USPHS responsibility for a nationwide program of hospital and health center construction
22
Q
Lillian Wald
A
established the first public health nursing
23
Q
Mary Breckinridge
A
established the Frontier Nursing Service to provide professional health care in the Appalachian Mountains
24
Q
What was the social security act a response to?
A
the great depression
25
what was the social security act for?
to provide funding for health protection and promotion
provided money for poor, elderly, disabled, unemployed
funding for priority diseases
26
Harry Trumen
asked congress for a national health plan
27
Lyndon Johnson
signed Medicare and Medicaid into law
28
What is the public health of any country closely linked to?
```
population
GDP
infant mortality
average life expectancy
number of people living with HIV/AIDS
```
29
factors affecting development
```
isolation
poor quality of life due to poverty
unsanitary conditions and malnutrition
parasitic infections
distribution of lands
social hierarchy
education, literacy
racism, religious intolerance
population explosion
```
30
World health organization
regional centers on every continent
| health is a basic human right
31
pan american health organization
goal is to improve health and living standards in the americas
32
UNICEF
```
mission is to protect the rights of children
includes:
food and supplies
disease control
family planning
child development
```
33
USAID-agency for international development
government organization responsible for most non-military foreign aid
34
DHHS (US department of health and human services)
largest health program in the world
35
USPHS (US public health service)
commissioned under corps, under leadership of the Surgeon general
US assistant secretary of health oversees all of USPHS
36
Who oversees all of USPHS
US assistant secretary of health
37
What are the agencies within the DHHS?
administration for children and families
administration on aging
agency for healthcare research and quality
agency for toxic substances and disease registry
centers for disease control and prevention
centers for medicare medicaid
food and drug administration
health resources and services administration
indian health service
national institutes of health
substance abuse and mental health services administration
38
What is responsible for federal programs that promote the economic and social well-being of families and children, individuals, and communities
administration for Children and families
39
what was established as a part of the older americans act
administration on aging
40
what is charged with improving the quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care for all Americans
agency for healthcare research and quality
41
What serves the public by suing the best science taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances?
agency for toxic substances and disease registry
42
what is the principal agency in the US government for protecting the health and safety of all americans?
centers for disease control and prevention
43
who whorks to assure health care security for beneficiaries of these programs and works to improve quality and efficiency in an evolving health care system
Centers for medicare and medicaid
44
what is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of humans and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nations food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation?
food and drug administration
45
what is responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable?
food and drug administration
46
what is the primary federal agency for improving access to health care services for people who are uninsured, isolated, or medically vulnerable?
health resources and services administration
47
what provides health services for a lot of american indians and alaska natives?
indian health service
48
what was originally the laboratory of hygiene in the marine hospital service?
national institutes of health
49
what administers the national suicide prevention hotline?
substance abuse and mental health services administration
50
What is public health the science and art of?
prevent disease
promote health
prolong life
51
what does the Oregon department of human services include?
```
medicaide
health codes
records for reportable diseases
investigation for disease outbreaks
regulate insurance
administer board of examination for physicians
```
52
what does the health services branch of oregon department of human services do?
low income medical programs
mental health/substance abuse
monitors disease outbreaks
restaurant inspection, drinking water quality
vital records
operates Oregon state hospital and eastern Oregon psychiatric center
53
county level health departments offer what state services?
immunizations
mental health/substance abuse treatment
WIC nutrition program
54
Essential components of primary care:
1. education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods for controlling them
2. promotion of food supply and proper nutrition
3. and adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
4. maternal and child health care, including family planning
5. immunization against major infectious diseases
6. prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
7. appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
8. provision of essential drugs
55
What is Healthy People 2020 managed by?
the office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (DHHS)
56
What is new for 2020?
a renewed focus on identifying, measuring, tracking, and reducing health disparities through a determinants of health approach
57
What is the largest organization of public health professionals?
APHA- american public health association
58
What are the issues confronted by APHA?
federal/state funding for health programs
chronic and infectious diseases
pollution, smoke free society
education in public health
59
Which section does the chiropractic field belong in?
25th section
60
What was the rationale for chiropractic to have a section in the APHA?
public health represents the efforts made by a society to protect, promote, and restore health
public health supports prevention and health promotion
to increase the impact on society by adding chiropractic skills and knowledge to those of the rest of the public health community
61
What are the achievements in Public Health?
```
deaths from infections diseases declined
impact of vaccines
motor vehicle safety
improvements in workplace safety
control of infectious disease
decrease in deaths due to coronary heart disease and stroke
safer, healthier foods
healthier mothers and babies
family planning
fluoridation of drinking water
recognition of hazards of tobacco
```
62
Who discovered alternative to boiling oil to cauterize wounds?
Ambroise Pare
63
Who developed a trial with a series of test groups to determine if lime juice treated scurvy?
James Lind
64
What are Hills criteria for Causality?
```
strength of association
dose-response relationship
temporal relationship
consistency
plausibility
experimental evidence
```
65
What is a good study for determining harm?
cohort study
66
What are the benefits of a cohort study?
look at individuals exposed compared to those not
prospective
good for looking at multiple interactions
more ethically permissible
67
When is a retrospective case control study useful?
to look at rare conditions or ones that take a long time to develop
68
What type of a study was the Framingham Heart study?
a cohort study
69
When do you use relative risk (RR)?
cohort studies
70
What does an RR=1.0 mean?
risk is equal, no association
71
What does an RR >1.0 mean?
exposure increases disease risk
72
What does an RR less than 1 mean?
exposure reduces disease risk
73
When do you use an odds ratio (OR)?
case control studies
74
What does an OR=1 mean?
risk is equal
75
What does an OR >1.0 mean?
exposure increases disease risk
76
What does an OR less than 1 mean?
exposure reduces disease risk
77
what is an example of a study without comparison?
case studies
78
What are case studies useful for?
generating hypotheses and demonstrating need for further studies
79
What are the three types of epidemiological studies?
descriptive-observational
analytical-attempting to understand associations
experimental-typically clinical or community trials
80
What is etiology the study of?
causation, study of why things occur
81
What are the objectives of epidemiological studies?
identify etiology
determine extent of disease in a community to appropriately plan
study natural history of disease and possible prognosis
evaluate new preventive and therapeutic measures
provide the foundation for public policy and regulatory decisions
82
Who made the observation about cow-pox and small pox?
Edward Jenner
83
Who made the observation that the outbreak of cholera was from the water pump?
John Snow
84
What are the factors needed for disease transmission?
pathogenic organism
reactive host
environmental conditions
85
What er the methods of transmission?
direct
| indirect vector
86
What is direct transmission?
person to person contact (touching, kissing, etc)
87
What is a carrier?
individual that does not exhibit symptoms but harbors organisms causing disease
88
What is indirect transmission?
contaminated food or water
| contact with inanimate objects (fomites)
89
What is vector transmission?
insects and arachnids
| notably mosquito, flies, and ticks
90
What pattern of host/pathogen relationship is characterized by symbiosis in which both or all organisms benefit?
mutualistic
91
What type of symbiosis has no obvious benefit for organisms involved?
commensal
92
What type of symbiosis has one partner benefiting at the expense of the other?
parasitic
93
What are the effects of urbanization on the immunity of a community?
sewage
water pollution
international travel
changing disease patterns
94
What is a reservoir?
long term host of pathogen of an infectious disease, usually without harm to itself and serves as a source from which others can be infected
95
Which type of reservoir has the microbes viable and multiplying?
primary reservoir
96
Which type of reservoir has the microbes viable but not multiplying?
secondary reservoir
97
What is zoonosis?
any infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals, both wild and domestic, to humans
98
What kind of an infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs?
endemic infection
99
What is it called when a disease appears as new cases in the population at higher than normally expected rates (of incidence), substantially exceeds what is "expected?
epidemic
100
What is a small and localized epidemic called?
outbreak (difficult to discern from epidemic)
101
What is a global epidemic of an infectious disease that affects people and/or animals over a large geographical area?
pandemic
102
What is herd immunity?
when a critical portion of a population is immune to a disease either naturally or through immunization
103
What is the principle of herd immunity?
the inability of an infectious disease to spread due to the lack of a critical concentrations of susceptible hosts
104
What is the incubation period?
the time elapsed between an exposure to a pathogenic organism and when symptoms and signs are first apparent
105
What is morbidity?
measurement of an incidence of a disease
106
What does calculating morbidity take into account to make it a measure of risk?
new events
107
what do you calculate to determine how fast the disease develops in a population?
morbidity
108
What is prevalence?
number of individuals affected at a specific time
109
What is the attack rate?
the proportion of people exposed to the disease during the outbreak who do become sick
110
What is mortality?
the death rate due to a given disease
111
What calculation gives information about the severity of a disease?
mortality
112
What is the BOD? and why is it important?
biochemical oxygen demand, it is used to assess the quantity of oxygen needed by microbes in water
113
What is eutrophication?
high BOD results in the aging of a body of water
114
What is MacConkey testing?
Lactose + =dark purple colonies
| lactose - = colorless colonies
115
What is EMB agar testing?
lactose + = colonies with dark center
| lactose - =colorless colonies
116
What is the primary process in sewage treatment?
physical process
removal of about 50% of solids in sedimentation tanks
remaining is called the effluent with reduced BOD by 25%
117
What is the secondary process in sewage treatment?
biological process, two options:
| trickling filter or activated sludge process
118
What is the trickling filter system in sewage treatment?
effluent is sprayed over rocks, used in smaller treatment plants
119
What is activated sludge method for sewage treatment?
slime forming bacteria added to effluent and stirred, the bacteria digest remaining organic material, then treated with UV or chemicals
120
What is tertiary treatment in sewage plants?
add lime or alum to remove phosphates and nitrates, then dechlorinated by aeration as flows down steps
expensive and not always used
121
What are other sources of water pollution?
agricultural runoff
phosphorous fertilizers
toxic waste
industrial waste
122
How are milk grades determined?
used to be by USPHS, now by USDA
123
What is the test for effective milk pasteurization?
phosphatase test (it should be removed at the end of the process)
124
What is the process of pasteurization?
originally 30 min at 62 degrees, now 15 seconds at 72 degrees
125
What are the storage guidelines to prevent contamination of meat and meat products?
fresh 3-10 days
0C for 30 days
-20C for several months
126
In what food is bacterial contamination common?
poultry
127
In what food are microbes present?
seafood
128
What prevents botulism?
commercial canning at high temps
