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Microbiology, Immunology, and Public Health > Public Health > Flashcards

Public Health Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of public health is to

A

Prevent disease
Prolong life

Promote health and efficiency through organized community effort for
Sanitation, Communicable infections, Personal hygeine education, organize medical services, ensure a standard of living

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2
Q

Hippocrates

A

Association of disease:
Location, water, climate, eating habits, housing

Recorded disease outbreaks
endemic - restricted to a certain region; Epidemic - large amount of a population or region

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3
Q

Europe (1600-1700)

A

Military hygiene - intro of gunpowder lead to a change of wound care. Most soldiers and sailors died of disease than injury
Elizabethan Poor Act - Collapse of feudal system lead to an increase in number of poor. Crowded cities and pauperism became more common. POOR LAW - defined poor and services that they were to recieve.
Bills of Mortality - John Graunt kept vital statistics, records of disease and deaths per week

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4
Q

Effects of industrial revolution

A

Urbanization
Condition of streets in cities became deplorable. Children could become apprentice slaves. under 12 and 12-14 hour days
Workhouses for those too old or poor to support themselves

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5
Q

English Sanitary Reform

A

In England 1837 the first sanitary legislation was passed
Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring
Population of Great Britain - by Edwin Chadwick
Establishment of general board of health in 1848
Improvements were made in sanitation and hygiene
legislation passed regarding factory management, child welfare, care of the aged

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6
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

1845- entered nursing profession in response to a
pauper’s death in a workhouse in London that became a public scandal
Contirbution in 1854
treated 2,000 patients. Nightingale School of Nursing

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7
Q

Native Americans

A

Severely affected by diseases introduced by Europeans. Smallpox blankets.

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8
Q

Colonies

A

Suffered signifcantly due to disease. Smallpox decimated jamestown from 500 to 50

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9
Q

Nineteenth century america

A

territory and population increasedbut medical practices stagnated. Disease increased due to increased immigration.
Local health injuries began to form.
Marine Hospital Fund - one doctor in each port town to care for seamen
1870 - Marine Hospital Service as a national agency, later leader became surgeon general

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10
Q

Port quarantine act

A

1878, due to yellow fever outbreaks
Immigration restricted to ports
Allowed for application of bacteriology, first learned about carriers, administered immunization

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11
Q

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)

A

Formally Marine Hospital Service, under surgeon general. Exploration of disease in laboratory and field. Responsible for examination of all immigrants at Ellis island, another wave of immigration in 1921.
Narcotics division was formed in 1928 in response to opium use and recognition of addiction

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12
Q

USPHS as a part of the military

A

militarized as a result of impending entry into WW1
1946 Hospital services and construction act and at the end of WW2 USPHS became responsible for building and administering hospital.

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13
Q

Social security act

A

Respond to great depression
funding for health protection and promotion
Provided money to poor, elderly, disabled, unemployed
Funding for priority diseases

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14
Q

Developing country vs. Least developed country

A

Developing countries include many eastern European countries, South American countries, and countries in Africa

UN lists some nations as LDC, based on the factors listed above; population, GDP, infant mortality, average life expectancy, and number of people living with HIV/AIDS.

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15
Q

Factors affecting development

A

Isolation leading to agricultural underdevelopment, poor quality of life due to poverty, unsanitary conditions and malnutrition, parasitic infections, distribution of lands, Social Hierarchy, Education, literacy, Racism, religious intolerance, Population Explosion

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16
Q

WHO

A

Established in April of 1948 as an agency of the United Nations
Regional centers on every continent
Health is a basic human right

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17
Q

PanAmerican Health Organization

A

Founded in 1902
Goal is to improve health and living standards in the Americas
In 1949 became a regional office of WHO, however retains own identity and mission

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18
Q

US Department of Health Human Services

A

Largest health program in the world

USPHS-united states public health service
FDA- food and drug administration
CDC- centers for disease control
NIH- national institutes for health

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19
Q

Primary Health Care

A

Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination

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20
Q

Essential components of Primary Care

A

Education of health problems and methods for prevention and control
Promotion of proper food supply and nutrition
Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation
Maternal and child health care
Immunization
Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
Provision of essential drugs

21
Q

American Public Health Association

A

Largest organization of public health professionals
APHA brings together researchers, health service providers, administrators, teachers, and other health workers in a unique, multidisciplinary environment of professional exchange, study, and action
Section for Chiropractic Health Care established 1995

22
Q

Achievements in Public Health

A 
Control of infectious disease
Vaccinations
Motor safety
Workplace safety
Decrease in death to Coronary Heart Disease death
Better foods 
Healthier mothers and babies
Family Planning
Flouride in drinking water
Hazards of tobacco
23
Q

Healthy People 2020

A

Program managed by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. It can be used by many different people, states, communities, professional organizations, and others to help them develop programs to improve health.

24
Q

Chiropractic Health Care Section of APHA

A

Established in 1995
Public health represents the efforts made by a society to protect, promote and restore health. Public health supports prevention and health promotion. To increase impact on society by adding chiropractic skills and knowledge to those of the rest of the public health community.

25
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems.

26
Q

Epidemiological studies

A

Descriptive, analytical (determine relationships),

Objectives:
Identify the etiology of disease
Determine the extent of disease in a community in order to appropriately plan health services
Study the natural history of disease and the possible prognosis
Evaluate new preventive and therapeutic measures
Provide the foundation for public policy and regulatory decisions

27
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Made the observation that cowpox and smallpox are closely related
Prevention of smallpox by vaccinating with cowpox

28
Q

John Snow

A

Observation the outbreak of cholera was linked to a water pump

29
Q

Factors Necessary for Disease Transmission

A

Pathogen
Reactive host
Conditions that allow for pathogen and host to meat

30
Q

Methods of Transmission

A

Direct transmission
Person to person, Carriers may not have symptoms

Indirect transmission
Contaminated food or water, contact with inanimate objects

Vector transmission
Insects, arachnids

31
Q

Host/Pathogen Patterns

A

Mutualistic - symbiosis in which both organisms benefi
Commensal - no obvious benefit or deficit
Parasitic - Only one partner benefits

32
Q

Reservoirs of Infection

A

Long term host of a virus and usually not injured
Inanimate reservoire

Primary - microbes are viable and may multiply. Food, Soil.

Secondary - Microbes are viable but do not multiply. Soils and water.
Droplet nuclei = particles 1-10 um in diameter, implicated in spread of airborne infection

Living reservoir
Human
Animals
Zoonosis is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals, both wild and domestic, to humans

33
Q

Risk factors for disease

A

Age, gender, ethnicity, nutrition, pre-existing disease, occupation, food and water

Morbidity per 1000 people

34
Q

Herd Immunity

A

When a critical portion of a population is immune to a disease, either through natural immunity or vaccination, a phenomenon called herd immunity develops.
Inability of an infectious disease to spread due to the lack of a critical concentration of susceptible hosts
Herd immunity is responsible for dramatic declines in childhood diseases, both in the U.S. and in developing countries

35
Q

Water quality

A

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand, assesses the quality of water required for the survival of microbes. High BOD results in the aging if a body of water.

Indicator Microbes - Fecal coliforms are Gram negative, lactose fermenting, facultative microbes that produce gas. Goal for number of coliforms in water is zero.

36
Q

testing water quality

A

MacConkey
Lactose (+) = dark purple colonies
Lactose (-) = colorless colonies

EMB agar
Lactose (+) = colonies with dark center, E. coli – metallic green
Lactose (-) = colorless colonies

37
Q

Sewage Treatment

A

Goal is to reduce BOD
Primary treatment - Physical process, remove about 50% of solids in sedimentation tanks, remaining is effluent and reduced BOD by 25%

Secondary
Biological process
- Trickling filter: Effluent sprayed over rocks. Organic material adheres to stone and is digested by microbes present in tank. Used in treatment plants,
- Activated sludge process: Slime forming bacteria added to effluent and stirred in aeration tank. Bacteria digest remaining organic materia forming flotsam, significant reduction in BOD (95%)

Tertiary
Expensive, add lime or alum to remove nitrates and phosphates. May also involve filtration. Dechlorinated by aeration as it flows down a series of steps.

38
Q

Individual sewage treatment systems

A

Septic tanks
Anaerobic digestion of organic material
Effluent overflows into drain field of soil or gravel and further digestion by aerobic microbes. Only effective for a small amount of sewage.

39
Q

Industrial hygiene for milk and dairy

A

Milk grades determined by USPHS determined by letters. Now assigned by USDA.
Pasteurization - originally 30 minutes at 62 degrees, now 72 degrees at 15 seconds. Test effectiveness using phposphatase test as the enzyme should have been destroyed by pasteurization.

40
Q

Harm Studies

A

Assess the causal relationship between exposure (treatment) and disease:
Confounder = anything that independently affects the exposure and the outcome

41
Q

Hill’s Criteria for Causality

A 
Temporal relationship
Experimental evidence
Dose response relationship
Statistical significance
Consistency across studies
Plausibility
42
Q

Cohort Study

A

Better for detecting harm
Individuals exposed to those not exposed
Prospective
Look at multiple causes

43
Q

Case Control Study

A

Retrospective
True risk of event occurring in the population can’t be calculated because it is a retrospective study
instead calculate the odds that a group was exposed or not exposed to some variable

Odds Ration
If OR = 1.0 risk is equal, no association
If OR > 1.0 exposure increases disease risk
If OR < 1.0 exposure reduces disease risk

44
Q

Case Study

A

No comparison is made with an untreated group or with a group receiving some other treatment
Comparison is important to derive a causal relationship between treatment and outcome
Useful for generating hypotheses and demonstrating need for further studies

45
Q

Ambroise Pare

A

Discovered alternative to using boiling oil to cauterize

wounds

46
Q

James Lind

A

Developed a trial with a series of test groups to determine if lime juice treated scurvy

47
Q

Measuring Disease Occurence

A

Morbidity - Measurement of the incidence of disease. Measures new events, so it is also a measure of risk. calculate morbidity to determine how fast the disease develops in a population.

Prevalence - number of individuals expected at a certain time.

Mortality - Death rate of a certain disease.

48
Q

Involvement in public health allows chiropractors to

A

Promote preventative health care
Participate in the public health effort
Interact with a variety of other healthcare professions
Work within health care system used evidence based approach
Evaluate and design clinical trials
Recognize individuals at risk

49
Q

UNICEF

A

Founded in 1946, but officially part of UN in 1953
Mission is to protect the rights of children
 Includes:
Food and supplies
Disease control
Family planning
Child development

Microbiology, Immunology, and Public Health (1 decks)

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