Public Health in a Global Society

Question 1

Sanitary Movement (1840-1890)

Answer 1

Recognition that filth caused disease, cleanliness identified as aim of public health; Miasmas/contagions justified sanitary approaches

Question 2

John Snow, “Father of Epidemiology”

Answer 2

Found cholera was spread through contaminated water in 1848 London study

Question 3

Germ Theory

Answer 3

Clear, specific agents cause disease - reservoir could be people or the environment

Question 4

Assessment

Answer 4

Systematically collect, analyze, and make available information on health communities

Question 5

Policy Development

Answer 5

Promote use of scientific knowledge base in policy and decision making

Question 6

Assurance

Answer 6

Ensure provision of services to those in need

Question 7

Primary Prevention

Answer 7

Reduction of risk factors before occurrence of disease, condition, or injury (PREVENTION)

Question 8

Secondary Prevention

Answer 8

Early detection of the potential for development of a disease or condition, or the existence of a disease while asymptomatic (SCREENING)

Question 9

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 9

Treatment of an existing symptomatic disease process to ameliorate its effects or delay or prevent its progress (TREATMENT)

Question 10

Primordial

Answer 10

Preventing the existence of risk factors by preventing exposure to risk factors

Question 11

Jacobson vs. Massachusetts

Answer 11

Did not require otherwise healthy citizens to submit to vaccination; only that it was constitutional to require citizens to be vaccinated or pay a fine

Recognized individual liberty protected by Constitution but found that this did not impart an absolute right of freedom from restraint

Question 12

Belmont Report

Answer 12

1. Respect for persons
2. Beneficence
3. Justice

Question 13

Epidemiology

Answer 13

Investigate causes of diseases, identify trends in disease, evaluate the interventions

Study of distribution and determinants of health and disease-related states in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

Question 14

Biostatistics

Answer 14

Translate data into information about causes and effects, health risks, and interventions (policies, cures, etc.)

Question 15

Incidence

Answer 15

Number of new cases in a population during a specific time period

Conveys the risk of contracting disease

[# new cases in specific time/ # people at risk (excluding existing cases)] X 100

Question 16

Prevalence

Answer 16

Number of total cases in a population during a specific time period

Conveys information about how widespread disease is

[# of cases present in population in specific time period/ # of people in population] X 100

Question 17

Endemic

Answer 17

Constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographical area

Question 18

Epidemic

Answer 18

Sudden increase in number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

Question 19

Pandemic

Answer 19

An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

Question 20

Morbidity

Answer 20

Disease

Question 21

Mortality

Answer 21

Deaths

Question 22

Disease Categories

Answer 22

Communicable (traditional), Non-communicable (modern), Injuries (unintentional or intentional)

Question 23

DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Year)

Answer 23

DALY = YLL (Years of Lost Life) + YLD (Years Lost to Disability)

Question 24

Health Belief Model

Answer 24

Focuses on thought processes underlying behavior change (perceived benefits/ susceptibility/barriers/severity) to determine likelihood of changing behavior

Question 25

Stages of Changes Model (Trans-theoretical Model)

Answer 25

Changing one's behavior is a process, not an event Individuals at different levels of change and we must gear interventions to level of change

Question 26

Social Cognitive Theory (Social Learning Theory)

Answer 26

Refers to the interaction between individuals and social systems Changing behavior requires understanding of individual characteristics, social/physical environmental influences, and the interaction of these

Question 27

Environmental factors contribute to 23% of all deaths worldwide

Answer 27

Environmental factors contribute to 36% of all deaths among children 0-14 years old

Question 28

Exposure pathways

Answer 28

Physical course an environmental agent takes from source to receptor (how it comes into contact with people) Ex. air pollutants emitted from smokestack (wind, air), PFAS discharged into a river (water, food)

Question 29

Routes of exposure

Answer 29

Pathways which humans are exposed to agents Primary human exposure routes: inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact

Question 30

Steps of risk assessment

Answer 30

Problem formulation, hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, risk characterization

Question 31

Maternal death/mortality

Answer 31

Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management

Question 32

Cause of maternal mortality

Answer 32

28% pre-existing condition exacerbated by pregnancy 27% severe bleeding 14% pregnancy-induced high blood pressure 11% infections 9% obstructed labor 8% abortion complications 3% blood clots

Question 33

Newborn death rate

Answer 33

17 deaths per 1,000 live births in the first month of life Newborn deaths represent 47% of all under 5 child mortality 98% of newborn mortality occurs in low/middle income countries and 78% occur in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

Question 34

Non-communicable disease

Answer 34

Chronic diseases that have long duration and are a result of genetic, physiologic, environmental, and behavioral factors Cure is rarely achieved

Question 35

NCD statistics

Answer 35

- NCD cause 74% of deaths globally - Of all NCD deaths 77% are in low- & middle- income countries - Cardiovascular causes most deaths, then cancer, then chronic respiratory disease, then diabetes

Question 36

Cardiovascular Disease

Answer 36

- CVD is #1 cause. of death globally - 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2021 - Over 75% CVD deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries

Question 37

Cancer

Answer 37

Spectrum of diseases that originate from uncontrolled cellular growth. Divided into benign tumor or malignant tumors

Question 38

Stunting

Answer 38

Low height for age

Question 39

Wasting

Answer 39

Low weight for height

Question 40

Global Nutrition Targets

Answer 40

1. achieve a 40% reduction in children under 5 who are stunted 2. achieve 50% reduction of anaemia in women of reproductive age 3. achieve 30% reduction in low birth weight 4. ensure no increase in childhood overweight 5. increase rate of breastfeeding in first 6 months up at least 50% 6. reduce and maintain childhood wasting to less than 5%

Question 41

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

Answer 41

Prepares periodic assessments on climate change causes, impacts, and adaptation Basis for government to develop climate policies Provides projection scenarios US recently pulled out of global efforts to combat climate change

Question 42

Fire triangle

Answer 42

Fuel, air, heat and ignition

Question 43

Impacts of PM2.5

Answer 43

Can be deposited into the respiratory system, causing inflammation and damage to lung tissues - crosses membrane barrier to bloodstream