Public Speaking Final Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
Public speaking definition
A
speech IN, BY, or FOR the public
2
Q
Public speaking is a form of communication
A
the exchange of symbols between people in an effort to understand or influence each other’s perception of the world
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Q
Standard Model of Communication
A
a holistic attempt to account for the major attributes that are at work in most communication interaction
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Q
Sender
A
person/institution that initiates a communication interaction
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Q
Message
A
a form of symbolic representation that contains information or an inquiry from the sender to another party
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Q
Channels
A
ways messages travel
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Receiver
A
the person, persons, or institution for which the sender prepares a message and from whom the sender expects a response
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Q
Encoding
A
the work that a sender does to a message to put it into a format appropriate for communication in a particular situation
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Q
Decoding
A
the work the receiver does to translate the speaker’s encoding into a format they can interpret and understand
10
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Feedback
A
the verbal and non-verbal signals a receiver provides a sender in the course of communicating
11
Q
Noise
A
anything interfering with the successful transmission of a message
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Q
Intrapersonal communication
A
communication that takes place within a person’s own mind primarily through thinking and internal dialogue
13
Q
Interpersonal communication
A
communication that takes places between two or three people and typically concerns the creation, maintenance, or disillusion of personal relationships
14
Q
Group communication
A
communication that takes place among a small group of people - particularly teams - and is often focused on the completion of a task
15
Q
Organizational communication
A
communication that takes place within and between large institutions and their members
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Mass communication
A
communication that takes place within and between large institutions and their members
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Public communication
A
communication that takes place between a speaker(s) and an audience with the aim of engaging that audience on a topic of shared concern about the public interest
18
Q
Minor goals
A
small targeted tasks that the speaker hopes to achieve over the course of a speech in order to improve its effectiveness
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Primary goal
A
single, focused, overarching achievement the speaker hopes to attain with their audience
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Q
Persuade
A
encourage the audience to think about an issue or see the world in a way advocated by the speaker (learn, consider, adopt, value)
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Thesis statement
A
single, declarative sentence where the central, overarching argument is found
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Free expression
A
speechmaking is an exercise of the human right to share ideas and opinions with others without interference from governments or other forms of authority
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Incitement
A
speech that advocates the use of force in a lawless and immediate way
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Q
Defamation
A
a knowingly false statement made in public that harms the reputation of another person or entry
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Exceptions
Slander (in speech)
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Libel (in writing/visual media)
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Hate speech
offends, threatens, or insults groups, based on race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, disability, or other traits
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Morals
the personal and consistent principles that individuals use to determine what is good and bad
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Ethics
socially-defined expectation of good and bad behavior, which are almost always variable by context
30
Accuracy
the expectations that public speakers will share information with an audiences about the world that is verifiable, specific, and true
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Honestly
the expectation that public speakers will share their viewpoints without deceit or malice
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Transparency
expectation that public speakers will be upfront with the audience about their own investments in an issue, why they believe what they do, and where their information or evidence comes from
33
Empathy
the expectation that public speakers will risk exposing themselves in the place of their audience/ use their perspective to they shape how they will speak
34
Vulnerability
speaker will risk exposing intimate parts of their lives to others in a genuine effort to communicate and connect
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Accountability
speaker will be held labile for what they say and will acknowledge both their successes and their failures
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Authenticity
speakers will speak to their audience in a real way with the best interests of audience in mind
37
Consistency
speakers will hold the same beliefs, values, and positions when speaking to different audiences, even as they might change how they speak about those beliefs, values, and position for rhetorical effect
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Demagogue
speaker who appeals to popular prejudices rather than reason and argument
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Mistakes in speaking across difference
generalizing experiences,
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bias
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stereotyping
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ethnocentrism
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speaking for others
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only seeing one side of a person
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defensive speaking and listening
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disengagement
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Generalizing our experiences
extinguishes someone else's experience and disinviting them from our speech
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Bias
interpretation of the world in a way that only reflects our own limited experiences
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Stereotyping
projection of bias onto a category or group of people so that we assume all people in a group, act, think, or believe in the same way
50
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own culture is superior others
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Speaking for others
this takes away from another person's ability to speak for themselves
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Only seeing one side of a person
risk only seeing a small fraction of the many complex parts of a person's life
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Defensive speaking and listening
prevent the speaking and audience from seeing other
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viewpoints but their own
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speaking for yourself and inviting others to speak
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Disengagement
an attempt to flee difference
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Strategies for speaking across differences
Listen to criticism, admit mistakes, and grow
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Use inclusive language
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Speak for yourself and invite others to speak
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Take up less time
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Be open-minded
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Be self-reflective
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Ask questions but do your work first
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Listen to criticism, admit mistakes, grows
being open-minded about call-out moments
67
Use inclusive language
terms and phrases that include, invite, and represent the widest number of people possible
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Speak for yourself and invite others to speak
knowing our voices are meaningful but also when to defer our own voices so that other voices may be empowered
69
Take up less time and space
limiting time and use of space in public speaking
70
Be open-minded
the willingness of a speaker or listener to hear views, perspectives, and beliefs that are different from their own and fully consider them before accepting or dismissing them
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Be self-reflective
the ability of a speaker or listener to recognize when they are acting uncritically in a communication situation and to investigate why that is
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Ask questions but do your work first
do the work necessary to find out what you don't know
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Public speaking anxiety (glossophobia)
common form of nervousness people feel before, during, and/or after speaking before groups of people in a public setting
74
Communication apprehension
a broad term for the many types of anxieties people have about communication generally
75
Trait anxiety
produce anxiousness around general categories of human experiences because of our distinct personalities/experiences
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State anxiety
anxiety about communication that is linked to a particular situation, circumstance, or moment
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Effective strategies for managing public speaking anxiety
be confident in what you're going to say
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be as in control as possible
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get to know your audience and environment
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anticipate and relieve stress
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introduce comfort items
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Dimensions of speaking situation
the speaker
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the audience
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the occasion
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the time
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the environment
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the immediacy
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Argument
well-supported and well-reasoned assertion about the world as it is or should be
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Claim
statement that conveys a person's sense of how the world is or how it should be
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Evidence
to credible information about the world that can be used to support a claim
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Warrant
a form of reasoning that connects evidence to a claim
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Failures of argument
Unclear arguments
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Unsupported arguments
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Unethical arguments
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Arguments made on the wrong terms
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Unclear arguments
fail because the speaker does not clearly state their case in a manner the audience can follow
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Unsupported arguments
fail because the speaker has not provided any good-quality support to make their claim successfully
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Unethical arguments
fail because the speaker's argument calls for or is done via unethical or immoral behavior
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Arguments made on the wrong terms
fail because the speaker has made a strong case, but in the wrong context
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Logical fallacies
unreasonably structured arguments that seek to make poor arguments appear to be good arguments
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Ad Hominem
attacks a person instead of challenging the person's argument
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Bandwagon
claims that something should be done just because it is popular
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Slippery slope
claim that a small and reasonable step will inevitably lead to the most severe and outlandish outcome
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What-about-ism
a speaker's attempts to avoid criticism by suggesting the critic is actually just as guilty or wrong as the speaker
105
False dilemma
two options to the audience as their only possible choices when, in reality, there are many actual choices the audience could make
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False cause
claims that just because one event happened prior to another event, the first event must have directly caused the second event
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Hasty generalization
pervert the logic of induction to advance an unethical claim
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Red Herring
the speaker introduces information or ideas into an argument to confuse or distract from the information that actually matters
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Strawman
speaker intestinally mischaracterizes the position of their opponent and then attacks their opponent for that position
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Brainstorming
the process by which a person or group of people generates ideas for further consideration and action
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Types
randomization
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free association
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mindlessness
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be in nature
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study abstract art
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check news and current events
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trending
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another person
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Citing sources
crediting the original ideas and expressions of a speaker or author to that person
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Plagiarism
the act of representing the work of another person (s), or institution as your own
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Global plagiarism
the taking of another person's complete work and attempting to pass it off as your won
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Incremental plagiarism
the taking of a short line or small amount of information from another person's work without appropriately quoting or citing that material
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Patchwork plagiarism
taking of statements or ideas from many different people's work and combining them into your own without properly citing them
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Self-plagiarism
the unauthorized reuse of one's own work in multiple places or publication outlets
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Structures
intro (attention, thesis, relevance, credibility, preview)
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body of speech (main point, sub-point, transition)
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Conclusion (final signpost, strong finish)
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Ephemeral
said and then disappears immediately, out of sight and mind, unless what we say leaves an impression
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Ordering principles
general rules about order that are shaped by human psychology and experience
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Primacy principle
whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go first
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Recency principle
whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or most important should go last
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Ordering patterns
prefabricated methods of ordering points that are applied to the entirety of a speech
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Chronological pattern
ordering your main point by time, step, or process
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Spatial pattern
ordering your main points by location, juxtaposition, hierachy
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Circular pattern
ordering your main points as proceeding through a cycle or by returning to the beginning
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Narrative pattern
ordering your main points as a story
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Extemporaneous speaking
speech delivered with preparation from a loose set of notes and ideas
138
Outlines
page-sized documents that organize information and ideas for the delivery of an extemporaneous speech
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Clarity
style of speech in which the speaker uses simple words, basic sentence structure, and ample definitions in order to teach the audience about something they do not know
140
Speaking for entertainment
speaking style that uses complex word play and ambiguity in order to give an audience a sense of joy
141
Ambiguity
the undefined, unclear, a vague description of a situation
142
Speaking for Eloquence
style of speaking in which the speaker uses beautiful, poetic, and complex language in order to inspire the audience to action
143
Alliteration
repetition of an initial sound across a set of words in a sentence
144
Parallelism
repetition of a particular wording across multiple, adjacent sentences
145
Speaking for Inclusion and Affirmation
makes all members of our diverse, pluralistic audience feel acknowledged, welcomed, and valued by the speaker
146
Dimensions of delivery
eye contact
147
facial expressions
148
articulation, pronunciation, rate
149
vocal variety
150
posture
151
breathing and volume
152
gestures
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proxemics
154
Visual aid
speaking aid that appeals to the audience in visual forms in order to convey emphasis, or amplify the verbal message of a speech
155
Audio aids
speaking aids that appeal to the audience's sense of hearing in ways beyond the speaker's voice
156
Haptic aids
speaking aids that rely on touch, textures, and the ability to encounter the authentic and genuine
157
Olfactory aid
speaking aid that relies on the audience's sense of smell to advance the speaker's message
158
Environmental aids
kinds of speaking aids that can be pointed to or invoked in the space a speech is delivered
159
Digital aids
speaking aids that call upon the power, resources, and interconnectivity of the Internet to advance a message or position in public speaking
160
Briefings
relatively short summations of the key points or fundings from a broader body of information
161
Public advisories
speeches that provide the public with information during events that threaten public safety
162
Testimony
public statement made by a witness that describes and event, idea, or situation
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Lectures
the presentation of new research to the public in the form of a speech
164
Tutorials
detailed speeches that teach an audience how to do something often on their own in a do-it yourself style
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Public deliberation
a form of communication that features "open spaces " for citizens to come together, good and fair information to help structure the conversation, and skilled facilitators to guide the process
166
Wicked problems
have no technical solutions, primarily because they involve competing underlying values and paradoxes that require either tough choices between opposing goods or innovative ideas that can transcend the inherent tensions
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Characteristics of a public deliberation speech
controversial problem
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audience-focused
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honest broker
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multiple perspective ordering patterns
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appropriate language
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Tips for facilitating a dialogue
prepare dialogue questions in advance
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ask open-ended questions
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pause for participation
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encourage wide participation
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encourage the audience to use the language of the speech
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actively ask for opposing viewpoints
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actively seek values that you did not mention
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Confirmation bias
people's tendency to take evidence that confirms their existing views at face value while being highly critical and suspicious of information that challenges their existing view of an issue
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Partisanship
knee-jerk belief that the best policy is whatever policy is advocated for those who share my political affliation
181
Identity-protective cognition
people process information about the world so that it confirms their own ideas about who they are
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authoritarian dynamic
people's psychological tendency to demand strict traditionalism, security, and limitations of permissiveness and change
183
Relevance and Engagement
policies presented from the speaker that will motivate the audience
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Repetition
repeated use of literary devices to get the main argument across (political ads)
185
Empathy and perspective talking
potential change in views when asked to se the world from another perspective from another person/community
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Moral reframing
audience's moral perspective to persuade them to adopt a different policy position
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Anticipating counterarguments and disadvantages
preemptive admission and refutation of limitations to our policy
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Practicality
whether the plan is feasible given the current situation
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Organizing for persuasion
problem-solution
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problem-cause-solution
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comparative advantage
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monroe's motivated sequence
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Real-world commemorative speech examples
toast
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introductory remarks
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acceptance speech
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commencement address
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eulogy
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dedication
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Considerations for speaking in a digital environment
audio
200
video quality
201
framing
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length
203
permanence
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circulation
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audience
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format and advances in technology
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speaking in digital style
