Puffinus puffinus

Question 1

central place foraging theory

Answer 1

animals will only increase their distance to prey patches for better foraging opportunities

Question 2

Ashmole’s halo

Answer 2

zone of depletion

Question 3

foraging distance affected by

Answer 3

• prey availability
• intra-specific competition
• colony size
• breeding stage

Question 4

what will climate change affect in seabird populations?

Answer 4

• energy expenditure
• trophic modifications
• seafloor aspect
• sea surface temperature
• depth
• salinity
• maximum current speed
• partner blaming hypothesis and divorce rates

Question 5

how does urbanisation affect seabird populations?

Answer 5

light pollution affects nocturnal locomotion; causes fallout

Question 6

describe mortality events in seabird populations

Answer 6

• low juvenile survival rates due to independent migration; high dispersal
• long breeding deferral period

Question 7

migration adaptations

Answer 7

• light
• magnetoreception
• inherent migratory memory
• celestial cues

Question 8

what affects migration?

Answer 8

• cloud cover
• wind speed
• wind direction
• moon illuminance

Question 9

describe seabird populations

Answer 9

• initally viscous, then highly dispersed

Question 10

fledgling birds are

Answer 10

unlikely to be captured again

Question 11

why is migration not in a straight line

Answer 11

• exploration
• alternative foraging grounds
• learning phase

Question 12

describe seabird parenting

Answer 12

• obligate biparental carers (selection of extreme)
• co-operative
• active co-ordination of nest attendance to avoid protracted incubation shift
• communication of individual quality
• dual foraging strategy (interspersed with synchronous visits)

Question 13

what does co-operative parenting allow

Answer 13

• maximise benefit (fitness returns)

- minimise cost

Question 14

what controls mate selection in seabirds?

Answer 14

• sexual selection (via the Fischerian runaway model)
• Westermarck effect?
• similar foraging trip duration

Question 15

what might you need to take into account in seabird experiments:

Answer 15

• egg failure
• grounding events
• sex differences
• temporal differences
• anthropogenic interference
• is the measure relative?
• is the measure accurate? can it be explained by coparental compensation

Question 16

incubation tactic of seabirds

Answer 16

• no negotiation

- sit and wait

Question 17

struggles seabirds face

Answer 17

• habitat loyalty

- inability to adapt foraging behaviour dynamically

Question 18

foraging

Answer 18

gains

Question 19

long-lived species are selected to

Answer 19

• prioritise their own condition

- iteroparenty: partition between self-maintenance and reproduction

Question 20

seabird adaptations

Answer 20

eggs resistant to chilling

Question 21

iteroparous parents

Answer 21

• current breeding attempt vs future reproductive success generates conflict via parental investment theory

Question 22

behavioural adaptations of seabirds

Answer 22

• begging behaviour; honest signalling

- brood guarding

Question 23

deleterious effects of biologging

Answer 23

• increased mass (movement cost)
• increased drag (air disruption)
• modified centre of mass
• stress induction
• increased wastage over tag preening

Question 24

movement costs are relative to

Answer 24

intrinsic energy ceiling

Question 25

foraging time depends on

Answer 25

- flight behaviour | - rest behaviour

Question 26

nest attendance

Answer 26

nest relief

Question 27

allopreening

Answer 27

- used to co-ordinate nest relief

Question 28

when considering investigations of pathology, consider

Answer 28

- delayed symptom presentation (asymptomatism) - colour changes - contamination - cryptic associations - can sufficient genomic DNA be liberated?

Question 29

Koch's postulates

Answer 29

- The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms. - The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. - The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. - The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Question 30

Diversity within protist clades

Answer 30

- DNA polymerase errors - strain variation - intranuclear variation

Question 31

What do mutations allow us to do?

Answer 31

- ascertain biogeographical structure and distribution | - insights into host/microbe coevolution

Question 32

pathogen pollution

Answer 32

unintentional spread of pathogens through translocation of captive-bred organisms for trade, food and commerce

Question 33

What does PCR allow?

Answer 33

stepwise discrimination

Question 34

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 34

- mitochondria appear to be phylogenetically related to Rickettsiales proteobacteria - chloroplasts: nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria - new mitochondria and plastids are formed only through binary fission - single circular DNA