Pulm physiology 1

Question 1

What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

Answer 1

Ventilation: movement of air going in and out.

Respiration: cellular metabolism, byproduct/removal of metabolism is CO2

Question 2

What are the 4 processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

Answer 2

1. Pulmonary ventilation (air in and out)
2. External respiration (gas exchange at lungs)
3. Transport in systemic circulation
4. Internal respiration (gas exchange in the tissues)

Question 3

What are the three zones of the respiratory system and what happens at each?

Answer 3

Conducting zone: “dead space,” just a highway to get gas in and out. Does NOT participate in gas exchange.
*nose, sinuses, and pharynx

Respiratory Zone: site of gas exchange

Respiratory Muscles: promote ventilation.

Question 4

Name all of your tonsils and where they are located.

Answer 4

Nasopharynx: adenoids

Oropharynx: palantine, lingual

Question 5

What level of the spine does the trachea bifurcate?

If a person were to aspirate into their lungs which lung is most likely going to collect this fluid?

Answer 5

• bifurcates at T7

- the right main stem bronchus is more vertical, the left main stem bronchus has a sharp angle.

Question 6

explain the branching system of the lung.

Answer 6

trachea

• right and left main stem bronchi(1ry)
• lobar bronchi(right-3 left-2)(2ndry)(supply each lobe)
• segmental bronchi(3ry)
• bronchioles
• terminal bronchioles
• alveoli

Question 7

what is the purpose of the smooth muscle around the bronchioles? Elastic fibers on the alveoli?

Answer 7

• Bronchioles: smooth muscle constricts and dilates.

- Elastic fibers maintain compliance, help facilitate air moving in and out.

Question 8

What structural changes occur as you move downt he bronchial tree?

Answer 8

• cartilage rings diminish
• epithelium changes; cilia and goblet cells are sparse (cleaning crew is mfs and lysosomal proteins)
• smooth muscle decreases
• alveoli composed of single layer of cells, very thin.

Question 9

What types of cells do you find in alveoli?

Answer 9

• Type 1: squamous epithelial cells
• Type 2: surfactant secreting & antimicrobial protein (lysozymes)secreting
• Mfs
• RBC of capillary
• alveolar pores

Question 10

Alveoli functions

Answer 10

alveolar pores connect adjacent alveoli

allow air pressure through the lung to be equalized

house mf to keep sterile

gas exchange

Question 11

Root aka?

Answer 11

hilum! :)

Question 12

Explain why a wedge resection of the lungs works?

Answer 12

• each segment of the lung has its own blood supply, if you were to do a “wedge resection” you could take one segment of a lobe while maintaining adequate blood supply thereby not damaging any of the adjacent alveoli.
  ex. like cutting broccoli

Question 13

Pulmonary circulation

• describe the pressure and volume
• what kind of blood do the pulmonary arteries and veins carry?

Answer 13

-low pressure, high volume

• pulmonary arteries: systemic venous blood to the lungs
• pulmonary veins: oxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 14

Systemic circulation

-describe pressure and volume

Answer 14

-high pressure, low volume

Question 15

What is the pleura?

Answer 15

• thin, double layered serosa
• parietal(thoracic wall) and visceral(lung) pleura
• provides lubrication and surface tension

Question 16

Describe the innervation of the lungs?

Answer 16

• Parasypathetic= constriction of bronchioles
• sympathetic=dilation of bronchioles
• they work in concert.

Question 17

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases, what are those?

Answer 17

• inspiration: gases flow into the lungs

- expiration: gases exit the lungs

Question 18

respiratory pressures are described relative to _____.

Answer 18

-atmospheric pressure

negative resp pressure is less than Patm

positive resp pressure is greater than Patm

Zero resp pressure is = Patm.

Question 19

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 19

• it is the pressure inside the alveoli that always equalizes with Patm.

Question 20

What is intrapleural pressure?

What are the forces of intrapleural pressure and how do they work?

Answer 20

-the pressure in the pleural cavity, always negative pressure in relation to atmospheric pressure.

• Two inward forces promote lung collapse
  1. ) elastic recoil
  2. ) surface tension
• one outward force enlarges the lungs
  1. ) elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward.

Question 21

Which pressure keeps the lungs open?

Answer 21

• transpulmonary pressure.

- the greater the transpulmonary pressure, the larger the lungs.

Question 22

What happens if Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure are equal?

Answer 22

-you have zero transpulmonary pressure, meaning your lungs will collapse.

Question 23

What happens if the integrity of the pleura is compromised?

Answer 23

-lung collapse, results in equalization of the intrapleural pressure with the intrapulmonary pressure resulting in zero transpulmonary pressure.

Question 24

Atelectasis

• aka
• cause

Answer 24

aka- lung collapse

cause:
-lack of air delivery d/t plugged bronchioles leading to collapse of alveoli… this it a ventilation problem such as an infection

-lack of integrity of the pleura from a wound that allows air entry into pleural cavity …this is a pleural problem such as a pneumothorax or pleural effusion

Question 25

Inspiration and expiration are mechanical processes that depend on changes to produce pulmonary ventilation. Explain these changes.

Answer 25

mechanically the body changes the volume which changes the pressure. As the pressure changes, gasses flow to equalize the pressure and produce ventilation

Question 26

What is boyles law?

Answer 26

pressure is inversely related to volume. as volume increases pressure decreases.

Question 27

what are three physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation that inspiratory muscles must overcome?

Answer 27

-airway resistance: usually insignificant d/t large airway diameter, cross sectional surface area, and alveolar gas diffusion. - alveolar surface tension - lung compliance

Question 28

Which part of the bronchial tree has the greatest and least amount of resistance?

Answer 28

- greatest: medium sized bronchi | - least: terminal bronchioles: there are MANY of them increasing the surface area.

Question 29

what are three forces at work that increase airway resistance?

Answer 29

1. bronchospasm 2. mucosal edema 3. secretions

Question 30

name 4 conditions with increased airway resistance?

Answer 30

- COPD (emphysema/chronic bronchitis) - asthma - cystic fibrosis - sleep apnea (upper airway resistance)

Question 31

what is the purpose of surfactant?

Answer 31

-reduces alveolar fluid surface tension, discourages alveolar collapse

Question 32

what is lung compliance?

Answer 32

-a measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure. * higher compliance = easier to expand the lungs. * usually high d/t distensibility(stretchy), thoracic cage expansion, reduction of alveolar surface tension 2ndry to surfactant

Question 33

List conditions that lead to decreased lung compliance.

Answer 33

- non-elastic scar tissue - reduced production of surfactant - decreased flexibility of thoracic cage - deformities of thorax - ossification of costal cartilage - paralysis of intercostal muscles