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patho test #3 > pulmonary > Flashcards

pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

what part of the brain controls the resp system?

A

pons in brainstem

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2
Q

what makes bronchioles so important/different?

A

only pipes capable of bronchodilation/constriction

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3
Q

fun of turbinates

A

warm, humidify air

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4
Q

structures of upper resp tract

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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5
Q

structures of lower resp tract

A

trachea
primary bronchi
lungs

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6
Q

3 fxns of respiratory mucosa

A
  1. protection
  2. immune support
  3. lubricant
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7
Q

what is the immune fxn of the resp mucosa

A

mechanically capture debris
presence of “mucins” (proteoglycans)
bacteria interface

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8
Q

significance & fxn of hyoid bone

A

free floating

protects voice box

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9
Q

the triangle cartilage below the thyroid cartilage

A

cricoid cartilage

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10
Q

fxn of alveoli

A

increase surface area for gas exchange

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11
Q

emphysema

A

decreased surface area for gas exchange

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12
Q

difference between L and R bronchi

A 
L= more horizontal
R= longer and lateral
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13
Q

most common site of aspiration

A

R bronchus

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14
Q

lobes in Left lung

A

2

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15
Q

lobes in Right lung

A

3

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16
Q

pericardium

A

3 layers of membrane around heart

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17
Q

pleura

A

2 layers of membrane around lungs

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18
Q

peritoneum

A

2 layers of membrane around abdominal cavity/organs

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19
Q

parietal pleura

A

outermost sac around lungs

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20
Q

visceral pleura

A

innermost sac around lungs

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21
Q

intrapleural cavity

A

negative pressure, like a vacuum

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22
Q

pneumothorax

A 
collapsed lung (sac) d/t increase pressure
Intrapleural pressure>alveolar pressure
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23
Q

muscles of inspiration (2)

A

Primary: diaphragm
Secondary: external intercostals

24
Q

what does the diaphragm do for inspiration

A

contracts to increase volume,

causes air to flow in

25
Q

muscles of forces expiration (2)

A

primary: rectus abdominus
secondary: internal intercostals

26
Q

elastic properties of the lung and chest wall

A

elastic recoil

compliance

27
Q

relationship b/t gas pressure & volume

A

inverse
increase volume=decrease pressure
decrease volume=increase pressure

28
Q

pressures in inspiration

A 
atmospheric pressure(PB)>(PA)alveolar pressure
causing air to flow in
29
Q

pressures in expiration

A

atmospheric pressure (PB)

30
Q

4 steps of ventilation

A
  1. ventilation- move air
  2. diffusion- alveoli to blood
  3. perfusion-delivery of O2&glucose rich blood
  4. diffusion- O2 from systemic capillaries into cells
31
Q

perfusion

A

qualitative

delivery of oxygen and glucose rich blood (good blood)

32
Q

2 centers of Pons

A
  1. apneustic center

2. pneumotaxic center

33
Q

apneustic center

A

stimulates neurons to promote inspiration via external intercostals and the diaphragm

34
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

stimulated neurons to promote expiration via the internal intercostals and rectus abdominis

35
Q

fxn of chemoreceptors

A

detect CO2 levels
if CO2 is high, then O2 must be low

NOT O2!!!

36
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

located in medulla

37
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located in the aorta&carotid bodies

38
Q

if CO2 is high

A

then O2 must be low

symp NS stimulates increased RR

39
Q

ventilation

A

mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs

40
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

build/form physical membrane of alveoli

41
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

produce surfactant

42
Q

dust cell

A

macrophage of lungs

43
Q

aveolocapillary membrane

A

formed by the shared alveolar and capillary walls

44
Q

ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

VQ

moving O2 rich blood

45
Q

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A
  • caused by low alveolar PO2

- blood is shunted to other, well- ventilated portions of the lungs

46
Q

pathologic shunting

cause/effect

A

if hypoxia affects all segments of the lungs, the vasoconstriction can result in pulmonary hypertension

47
Q

acidemia

A

increased CO2

causes pulmonary artery constriction

48
Q

dyspnea

A

uncomfortable breathing

49
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea d/t change in pt posture

50
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

painful breathing while sleeping commonly associated with left ventricular heart failure

51
Q

cause of Kussmaul respirations

A

acedemia

52
Q

why does Kussmaul present tachypnea

A

to get rid of CO2 b/c of academic blood

53
Q

Cheyne-Stokes

A

lip breathing, not always but usually near death

54
Q

hypercapnia

A

high CO2

55
Q

hypocapnia

A

low CO2

56
Q

hemoptysis

A

bloody sputum

patho test #3 (1 decks)

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