Pulmonary

Question 1

What is the conducting zone comprised of?

Answer 1

Trachea –> terminal bronchioles

Question 2

What is the respiratory zone composed of?

Answer 2

Respiratory bronchioles –>alveolar sac

Question 3

What is the anatomical dead space?

Answer 3

Conducting zone + upper airway

Question 4

What is the physiological dead space?

Answer 4

Alveolar dead space + anatomical dead space

Question 5

What is the blood supply to the lung tissue?

Answer 5

Bronchial arteries

Question 6

What causes constriction of the air tubes through the release of ACh. This increases airway resistance and slows volume of airflow?

Answer 6

Parasympathetic innervation

Question 7

This causes dilation of the air tubes through EPI and NE. Reduces airway resistance and enhances blood flow?

Answer 7

Sympathetic nerve

Question 8

What does intrapulmonary (Palv or Paul) do during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 8

Intrapulmonary pressure decrease during inspiration and increased during expiration

Question 9

What kind of intrapleural pressure must be present to prevent lung collapse?

Answer 9

Negate pressure

Question 10

What is the transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 10

Difference between the Palv and Pip

Question 11

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions?

Answer 11

TV (Tidal Volume)

500 ml

Question 12

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation?

Answer 12

IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)

M-3100 f-1900

Question 13

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation?

Answer 13

ERV (Expiratory reserve volume)

M-1200 f-700

Question 14

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation?

Answer 14

RV (residual volume)

M-1200 f-1100

Question 15

Maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort?

Answer 15

TLC (Total lung capacity)
TLC = TV + IRV +ERV + RV
M-6000 f-4200

Question 16

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort?

Answer 16

Vital Capacity (VC)
VC = TV + IRV +ERV (should be 80% of TLC)
M-4800 f-3100

Question 17

What are the factors that cause a shift of the curve to the right? (Increase O2 dissociation from Hgb

Answer 17

1. Increase blood acidity
2. Increase CO2
3. Increase BPG
4. Increase blood temperature

Question 18

Factors that cause a shift to the left in the curve (decrease dissociation from Hgb)?

Answer 18

Higher pH

Question 19

What is the limiting factor for O2 reactions in the cell?

Answer 19

ADP

Question 20

CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs in what 3 forms?

Answer 20

1. Dissolved in plasma
2. Carbonic acid
3. CO2-Hgb

Question 21

What is the formula for the Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER)

Answer 21

Rate of CO2 output / rate of O2 uptake
Changes based on fuels used for metabolism
High quotient (>1.0) = increase CO2 (hyperventilation, exhaustive exercise and lipogenesis)

Question 22

Where is the DRG located?

Answer 22

Medulla Oblangata

Question 23

What part of respiration does the DRG control?

Answer 23

Inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal mm)

Question 24

Where does the neurons of the DRG lie in?

Answer 24

Solitary Nucleus

Question 25

What 2 cranial nerves does the DRG receive sensory info from?

Answer 25

Glossopharyngeal and Vagus

Question 26

Where does the pneumotaxic center reside in?

Answer 26

Pons

Question 27

This respiratory center sends signals to the DRG and determines the turn off point of the inspiratory ramp?

Answer 27

``` Pneumotaxic center (pontine respiratory group PRG) -strong pneumotaxic signal = short lung filling time ```

Question 28

Where is the ventral respiratory group located (VRG)?

Answer 28

Medulla oblangata

Question 29

This respiratory group is normally inactive during quiet breathing but comes in when increased ventilation is necessary and contributes to both inspiration and expiration (diaphragm and abdominal)

Answer 29

VRG

Question 30

Do acute or chronic changes to CO2 concentration have a greater afffect on respiratory drive?

Answer 30

Acute

Question 31

In order to establish an airway obstruction for asthma, what must the FEV1 be?

Answer 31

<80% of predicted

Question 32

In order to establish an airway obstruction for asthma, what must the FEV1/FVC be?

Answer 32

<65% of predicted