pulmonary anatomy and physiology Flashcards by Cierra Ingiaimo

Ventilation is _

the exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere; air goes sin, air goes out; diaphragm contraction

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Respiration:

the movement of respiratory gases across the cell membrane (diffusion)

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Internal Respiration

gas exchange between the capillaries and cells

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External Respiration

takes place between alveoli and blood vessels

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We ___ to ventilate, We ventilate to ___

breathe, respire

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Phrenic Nerve.

originate in neck and innervates though subclavian artery, around the outside of heart and terminate in the diaphragm

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The diaphragm movement is controlled by the ____

medulla

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The respiratory rate is controlled by the ___

pons

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Gas exchange events for cellular respiration

Ventilation
Distribution
Diffusion
Transport (Perfusion)

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Ventilation:

movement of air in and out of lung

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Distribution

gases moves from upper airways to alveoli

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Diffusion

transfer of respiratory gas from alveoli to RBCs

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Transport (Perfusion)

movement of oxygenated blood to the periphery

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Normal breaking is spontaneous or nonspontaneous?
Negative or positive pressure?
thorax works like an ____

spontaneous
negative
accordion

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Mechanical Ventilation is positive or negative pressure?

mechanically pushes gas mixture into lungs
used in patients with: (3)

positive

- apnea, inability to eliminate CO2

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Partial Pressure of Nitrogen:

593.4 mmHg; 78%

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Partial Pressure of Oxygen

159.3 mmHg; 21%; “room air”

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Partial Pressure of Argon

7.1 mmHg; 1%

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Partial Pressure of Co2

0.2 mmHg; .03%

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1 atm = ? mmHg

760 mmHg

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_____ responds to changes of PaCO2 and oxygen content

chemoreceptors

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Hering Breur reflex:

promotion of expiration with lung inflation beyond 1.0L

Stimulated by decreased lung compliance (pulmonary fibrosis, embolism, and edema)

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Other factors the affect ventilation:

stretch receptors, pain, voluntary control, body temperature, sepsis

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Upper airway

Study These Flashcards

nose, pharynx, larynx

Lower airway

conducting airways: trachea, bronchioles, terminals

3 types of Dead space

Anatomic dead space, alveolar dead space, physiologic dead space

Alveolar dead space

inhaled gas delivered to non-functioning alveoli capillaries; most common cause- cardiac failure- low pulmonary blood flow,

Anatomic dead space:

wasted ventilation normally about 1 ml per lb

Physiologic dead space

both anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

Diffusion

movement of gases from areas of high to low concentrations; occurs at the alveolar-capillary membrane (tissue level)

Factors that govern rate of diffusion

- diffusion coefficient (CO2 20x more soluble than O2) - surface area of the membrane - thickness of the membrane - partial pressures differences

Perfusion:

venous blood-> alveolar membrane-> CO2 removal-> sustenance of lung tissue-> delivery to left ventricle

Pulmonary circulation

respiratory gas exchange occurs

Bronchial circulation

1-2% cardiac output, perfusion to lung tissue

Arterial mean (mmHg): systemic vs pulmonary

120/80. (90) ; 25/8 (15)

Pressure Gradient (mmHg) Systemic vs. Pulmonary

90 ; 9

Mean Capillary (mmHg) systemic vs Pulmonary

18 ; 8

Mean venoms (mmHg) Systemic vs Pulmonary

0-8 ; 4-12

Blood Flow mmHg Systemic vs Pulmonary

5 ; 5

Vascular resistance Systemic vs Pulmonary

high ; low

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance:

Resistance to blood flow through the pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance is largely influenced by

- vasoactive drugs - hypoxemia - hypercapnia - pulmonary blood flow

Formula to calculate Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)

PVR= 80 x (mean plum artery pressure mmH - left atrial pressure mmHg) / (cardiac output (LPM) PVR = 80(PAP -LAP)/CO

Normal value of PVR

20- 120 dynes/sec/ cm^-5

Extra -alveolar vessels (arteries and veins) are surrounded by _____ and increase during ____, due to pull of surrounding tissues

elastic lung tissue; increase; exhalation

alveolar vessels (capillaries) are surrounded by _____; ______ does not strongly influence patency

alveolar air; atmospheric air

West's zone Model Zone 1

pulmonary art pressures are exceeded by alveolar pressures | : capillaries compresses during all cycles, unavailable for gas exchange, usually not significant in normal conditions

West's zone model zone 2

7-10mm above heart to apex level ; intermittent compression/flow - open during systole, not diastole, "waterfall"

West's Zone model zone 3

-pulmonary arteries and veins exceed alveolar pressure; matching of perfused capillaries and ventilated alveoli

Ventilation to Perfusion (V/Q ratio): V= Q= normal ratio:

V= alveolar ventilation (4-6LPM) Q= Pulmonary blood flow (4.6 LPM) Normal ratio: 0.8-1.2

oxygen is transported to the pulmonary capillary blood in two forms:

dissolved in plamsa (2%) - .3 ml / 100ml - must be dissolved before attaching to hemoglobin ``` Bound to hemoglobin (98%) - 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha 2 beta) -transforms into oxyhemoglobin -capable o carrying 4 O2 molecules Normal heb conc. = 16g/ 100 ml ```

(Oxygen Affinity) | p50 =

PO2 level when foxy saturation is 50%

Oxygen content : amount of O2 in whole blood | formula:

CaO2 = 1.36 x Hgb x SaO2 + 0.0031 X PaO2 Normal value = 17-20ml / 100 ml blood or 17-20 vol%

Oxygen transport formula=

CO x CaO2 x 10

Oxygen Consumption formula=

CO x 10 x Hgb x 1.36 x (SaO2 -SvO2) Normal Values= 200-290 ml/min

Factors influencing O2 Consumption

- physical activity - nervous or endocrine system function - body temp

Hypoxia

-deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues | -

factors that induce hypoxia

- decreases in Cardiac output - decreases in hemoglobin saturation - severe anemia - excessive tissue O2 requirements

pulmonary anatomy and physiology Flashcards

(58 cards)