Pulmonary Diseases Flashcards
(33 cards)
What does happen in early stages, the pneumonia process?
alveolar ventilation reduced while blood flow through the lung continues normally.
. Early pneumonia.two major pulmonary
abnormalities:?
(1) reduction in the total available surface
area of the respiratory membrane
(2) decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio
( Hypoxemia and hypercapnia)
Atelectasis ?
collapse of the alveoli
Causes of atelectasis are?
(1) total obstruction of the airway
(2) lack of surfactant in the fluids lining the alveoli.
Reasons for hypoxia?
.
- Inadequate oxygenation of the blood in the lungs
- Pulmonary disease
- Venous-to-arterial shunts(“right-to-left”cardiac
shunts) - Inadequate O2 transport to the tissues by the blood
- Inadequate tissue capability of using O2
Extrinsic reason for hypoxia?
a. Deficiency of O2 in the atmosphere
b. Hypoventilation (neuromuscular disorders)
Extrinsic reason for hypoxia?
a. Deficiency of O2 in the atmosphere
b. Hypoventilation (neuromuscular disorders)
pulmonary diseases cause hypoxia?
a. Hypoventilation caused by increased airway
resistance or decreased pulmonary compliance
b. Abnormal alveolar ventilation-perfusion ratio
(including either increased physiological dead
space or increased physiological shunt)
c. Diminished respiratory membrane diffusion
Type I respiratory failure
PaO2
PaCO2
.
- low
normal / low
Type II respiratory failure
PaO2
PaCO2
low
high
Reasons for Type I respiratory failure ?
due to lung tissues
other name for Types I RF?
‘acute hypoxaemic
Reasons for Hypoxaemia?
right-to-left shunts or
V/˙ Q˙ mismatch.
Types I respiratory failure causes?
pneumonia,
acute lung injury,
cardiogenic pulmonary oedema,
pulmonary embolism and
lung fibrosis.
Type II BF other name?
‘ventilatory failure’
What happen in Type II RF ?
alveolar ventilation is
insufficient to remove the volume of carbon dioxideby tissue metabolism
Most common cause for Type 11 RF ?
COPD.
In airway obstruction in what is more difficult ? Why?
Expiration
closing tendency of the airways is greatly increased by the extra positive pressure required in the chest to cause expiration.
How polycythaemia vera occur cyanosis ?
great excess of available hemoglobin that can become deoxygenated leads frequently to cyanosis,
Cyanosis?
.blueness of the skin, and its
cause is excessive amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin
in the skin blood vessels, especially in the capillaries.
Dyspnea?
mental anguish associated with inability to ventilate enough to satisfy the demand for air.
What are the dynamic lung volumes?
FVC
FEV 1
What are the dynamic lung volumes?
FVC
FEV 1
What are the dynamic lung volumes?
FVC
FEV 1
