Pulmonary Pathology Part 1

Question 1

What is ventilation

Answer 1

Process by which air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs and into the alveoli

Question 2

True or False

Ventilation is inspiration and expiration

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What creates the pressure difference between the trachea and alveoli

Answer 3

Contraction of inspiratory muscles (intercostals and diaphragm)

Question 4

What does contraction of inspiratory muscle do

Answer 4

Decreases intrathoracic pressure

Question 5

What happens to pressure as alveoli expand

Answer 5

Decreases

Question 6

What is perfusion

Answer 6

Movement of blood through an area (pulmonary capillaries)

Question 7

True or False:

Perfusion is gravity dependent

Answer 7

True

Question 8

How much of an alveoli are covered by capillaries

Answer 8

70/80%

Question 9

The right ventricle supplies blood to what

Answer 9

The pulmonary artery

Question 10

The left ventricle supplies blood to what

Answer 10

bronchial branch and bronchial tree

Question 11

What is a V-Q scan

Answer 11

Measures the ventilation and perfusion of the body using radioactive gas and dye.

Question 12

What is the normal average minute ventilation

Answer 12

4-6L

Question 13

What is the normal cardiac output

Answer 13

5L

Question 14

True or False:

V and Q must be matched at the alveolar-capillary level which is optimal at the mid portions of the lung

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or False:

Diffusion determines a patient;s oxygenation status

Answer 15

True

Question 16

How much O2 is extracted by the cells

Answer 16

25%

Question 17

What does pulse oximetry do (%SpO2)

Answer 17

Estimates the arterial saturation of oxyhemoglobin

Question 18

What could throw off the pulse ox reading (6)

Answer 18

1. Abnormal hemoglobin
2. Jaundice
3. Anemia
4. Low perfusion (diabetes)
5. Dark skin
6. Nail polish

Question 19

What is the SpO2 goal for exercise

Answer 19

Greater than 90%

Question 20

What is the normal pH range

Answer 20

7.35-7.45

Question 21

What is the normal PaCO2 range

Answer 21

35-45

Question 22

What is the normal PaO2 range

Answer 22

75-100

Question 23

What is the normal HCO3 range

Answer 23

22-26

Question 24

What is a pH over 7.45 considered

Answer 24

Alkalemia

Question 25

What is a pH under 7.35 considered

Answer 25

Acidemia

Question 26

What is a PaCO2 below 35

Answer 26

Hyperventilation

Question 27

What is hyperventilation

Answer 27

Blowing off excess CO2

Question 28

What is a PaCO2 above 45

Answer 28

Hypoventilation

Question 29

What is hypoventilation

Answer 29

Retaining CO2

Question 30

What is mild hypoxemia range

Answer 30

60-75

Question 31

What is moderate hypoxemia range

Answer 31

40-60

Question 32

What is severe hypoxemia range

Answer 32

Less than 40

Question 33

What is respiratory acidosis

Answer 33

pH is decreased due to retaining CO2 leading to increased H+ ions

Question 34

What is respiratory alkalosis

Answer 34

pH is increased due to blowing off CO2 leading to decreased H+ ions

Question 35

What is metabolic acidosis

Answer 35

pH is decreased due to increased H+ ions or decreased HCO3-

Question 36

What is metabolic alkalosis

Answer 36

pH is increased due to decreased H+ ions or increased HCO3-

Question 37

How does the renal system regulate acidemia

Answer 37

Retain HCO3-

Question 38

How does the renal system regulate alkalemia

Answer 38

Excrete HCO3-

Question 39

How does the respiratory system regulate acidemia

Answer 39

Increase rate and depth of breathing to blow off CO2

Question 40

How does the respiratory system regulate alkalemia

Answer 40

Decrease rate and depth of breathing to retain CO2

Question 41

Remember this

Answer 41

Respiratory Acidosis= pH decreased and CO2 increased Respiratory alkaosis= pH increased and CO2 decreased Metabolic acidosis= pH and HCO3- decreased Metabolic alkalosis= pH and HCO3- increased

Question 42

Which system is slow (48 hours) but powerful

Answer 42

Renal

Question 43

Which system is fast (few hours) but slow

Answer 43

Respiratory

Question 44

What happens if the oxyhemoglobin shifts to the left (increased O2 affinity)

Answer 44

Increased pH and decreased DPG and temp

Question 45

What happens if the oxyhemoglobin shift to the right (decreased O2 affinity)

Answer 45

Decreased pH and increased DPG and temp

Question 46

What are early clinical signs of acidemia (2)

Answer 46

1. Headache | 2. Tachypnea (rapid breathing)

Question 47

What are late clinical signs of acidemia (2)

Answer 47

1. Confusion | 2. Asterixis (flapping of hands)

Question 48

What are the early clinical signs of alkalemia (1)

Answer 48

1. Dizziness

Question 49

What are the late clinical signs of alkalemia (2)

Answer 49

1. Twithcing | 2. Carpopedal spasms

Question 50

What are early clinical signs of hypoxemia (2)

Answer 50

1. Anxious | 2. Restless

Question 51

What are late clinical signs of hypoxemia (2)

Answer 51

1. Confused | 2. Cyanosis

Question 52

Which way are chest x-rays normally taken

Answer 52

PA

Question 53

What is a chest x-ray inspiratory effort

Answer 53

Ability to visualize 10-12th ribs (ribs above the diaphragm)

Question 54

What are the ABCDEFs of chest x-rays

Answer 54

``` A- airways B- bones C- cardiomediastinal silhouette D- diaphragm E- expanded lungs/everything else F- foreign objects ```

Question 55

What is FEV1

Answer 55

Air expired in first second

Question 56

Normal FEV1

Answer 56

80% vital capacity

Question 57

What is a person with emphysema's FEV1

Answer 57

40%

Question 58

What is normal forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 58

70%

Question 59

What is FVC

Answer 59

Full expiration after full inspiration

Question 60

What is tidal volume

Answer 60

Amount inspired with normal breath

Question 61

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 61

Amount that could be inspired after normal inspiration

Question 62

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 62

Amount that could be expired after normal expiration

Question 63

What is residual volume

Answer 63

What remains at the end of max expiratory effort

Question 64

What is total lung capacity

Answer 64

IR, TV, ER, RV

Question 65

What is vital capacity

Answer 65

IR, TV, ER

Question 66

What is inspiratory capacity

Answer 66

TV and IR

Question 67

What is functional residual capacity

Answer 67

ER and RV