Pulmonary Physiology

Question 1

External Respiration

Answer 1

exchange between outside air and the body (O2 loading and CO2 unloading)

Question 2

Internal Respiration

Answer 2

exchange between blood and tissues (O2 unloading and CO2 loading)

Question 3

Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 3

breathing

Question 4

Benefits of nose breathing

Answer 4

air is warmed and humidified, dust/debris is collected in nasal mucosa

Question 5

Active Process (contraction)

Answer 5

• during inspiration
• involved the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 6

What happens the thoracic cage during inspiration?

Answer 6

expands in all dimensions to allows lungs to expand (lungs can now have greater volume)

Question 7

Is the pressure negative or positive, in the lungs, during inspiration?

Answer 7

negative

Question 8

What happens to the dimensions of the lungs and thoracic cage during inspiration?

Answer 8

• increase, forming a negative pressure that draws air into the lungs
• ribs swing up and out due to the external intercostal muscles
• diaphragm flattens downward toward abdomen

Question 9

What muscles help during intense breathing?

Answer 9

Scalenes sternocleidomastoid, and pecs

Question 10

Passive process (relaxation)

Answer 10

respiratory muscles relax and lungs undergo elastic recoil

Question 11

What happens during force breathing? (expiration)

Answer 11

internal intercostals, lats, quad. lumborum pull the ribs down

Question 12

What assists with respiratory pumping of blood to the heart?

Answer 12

Changes in intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic pressure

Question 13

What happens to the lung volume during expiration?

Answer 13

lung volume decrease, thereby forcing air out of the lungs

Question 14

Pulmonary volumes

Answer 14

total lung capacity, residual volume, forced vital capacity, inspiratory reserve volumes, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity

Question 15

What are the two main functions of pulmonary diffusion?

Answer 15

• replenish oxygen supply in the blood
• remove CO2 from venous blood

Question 16

What drives blood flow?

Answer 16

Pressure differences

Question 17

Dalton’s Law

Answer 17

total pressure of a mixture of gasses equal the sum of the partial pressure of the individual gasses in the mixture

Question 18

Henry’s Law

Answer 18

gasses dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressures depending on their solubility and temperature

Question 19

Fick’s Law

Answer 19

rate of diffusion through a tissue is proportional to the surface area and partial pressure difference between the tissues (it is also inversely proportional to the thickness of the tissue)

Question 20

Oxygen pressures

Answer 20

amount of gas (Vgas) transferred is proportional to the area (A) a diffusion constant (D) and the difference of partial pressure

Question 21

How is the diffusion constant (D) determined?

Answer 21

the gas solubility (Sol and molecular weight MW)

Question 22

Tidal Volume

Answer 22

the amount of air that moves in or outs of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

Question 23

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 23

the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration

Question 24

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 24

the amount of air a parson can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspiration

Question 25

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 25

the extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration

Question 26

Residual Volume

Answer 26

the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling

Question 27

Forced Vital Capacity

Answer 27

the maximum amount of air you can forcibly exhale from your lungs after fully inhaling

Question 28

Inspiratory Capacity

Answer 28

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration

Question 29

Functional Residual Volume

Answer 29

the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal passive exhalation

Question 30

What is the % of O2 in dry air?

Answer 30

20.93

Question 31

What % of H2O is in dry air?

Answer 31

0

Question 32

What % of CO2 is in dry air?

Answer 32

0.03

Question 33

What % of N2 is in dry air?

Answer 33

79.04