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KIN 3470 > Pulmonary physiology > Flashcards

Pulmonary physiology Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

How many alveoli provide surface for gas exchange between lung tissue and blood?

A

600 million

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2
Q

Ficks Law

A

Rate of transfer of gas through a tissue is directly proportional to the partial pressure between either side

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3
Q

Respiratory zone

A

where air exchange takes place (bronchioles, alveoli)

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4
Q

2 factors dynamic ventilation depend upon

A
  1. max FVC of lungs

2. velocity of flow

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5
Q

Velocity of flow is influenced by

A

resistance and compliance

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6
Q

FEV 1.0/FVC

A

Pulmonary airflow capacity

Ave 85% in FVC in 1 second

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7
Q

Obstructive diseases

A

Determinant of obstructive diseases (result in lower FEV 1.0)

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8
Q

FEV 1.0/FVC

A

Pulmonary airflow capacity
Ave 85% in FVC in 1 second

depicted in volume-time curves

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9
Q

Restrictive diseases

A

result in normal FEV1.0 but the volume of air is moved down

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10
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

total pressure of gases is the sum of gases in the mixture (air). Often directly proportional to % of gas in a mixture.

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

how gas gets across the blood barrier

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12
Q

Conducting zone

A

No air exchange takes place

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13
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume: volume of air you can breath in after normal breathing

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14
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume: amount of volume you can breath out after normal breathing

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15
Q

TV

A

tidal volume: normal breathing

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16
Q

dynamic lung volume

A

amount of air you can expire in 1 second during exercise (asthma effects this)

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17
Q

what is surfactant?

A

lipoprotein to help with elasticity and decreasing surface tension

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18
Q

Maximum voluntary ventilation

A

evaluates ventilatory capacity with rapid and deep breathing for 15 seconds. (MVV=15x4)

MVV in healthy ppl is 25% greater than that seen during exercise

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19
Q

Minute ventilation

A

volume of air moved into or out of total respiratory tract each minute

Volume of air breathed each minute VE
VE = tidal volume x breath rate
= 0.5 L x 12 breaths/min – = 6 L/min

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20
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Anatomic deadspace

Air volume that ventilates only alveolar chambers each minute

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21
Q

TV versus dead space

A

dead space increases with TV

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22
Q

Ventilation perfusion ratio

A

alveolar ventilation vs. minute ventilation

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23
Q

hyperventilation

A

increase in pulmonary ventilation that exceed 02 needs of metabolism

level of 02 in arterial blood is the drive to breath (set point of 40mmHg.

decreases PC02

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24
Q

dsypnea

A

respiratory muscle fatigue leads to ineffective breathing

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25
Partial pressure of gas
%(gas) of gas x total pressure of mixture
26
@ sea level P02
760mmHg
27
Trachial air partial pressure of 02
47mmHg @ 100% humidity | ie.) P02=20.93%/100 (760mmhg-47)=149mmHg
28
PC02-partial pressure of C02
0.03%/100 (760-47mmHg)=0.21 mmHg
29
Alveolar air P02
15%/100 x (760-47)=103mmHg
30
Alveolar air PC02
6%/100 x (760-46)= 39 mmHg
31
Henry's Law
concentration gradient: moving from high to low
32
Diffusion rate
C02 is 25% more soluble
33
How does 02 bind to Hb?
must be put into a solution first
34
What are the 2 ways 02 can be transported?
1. dissolved in the plasma | 2. combined with Hb
35
How much o2 is dissolved in 1 decilitre of blood?
3mL for 1 L with 5L of total blood volume=15mL is dissolved 5 x 3= 15
36
Hb and O2 carrying capacity?
02 carrying capacity (mL/dLblood=Hemoglobin (g/dLblood) x 02 capacity of haemoglobin (mL/g) 20mL02/dL=15gHb/100ml x 1.34ml02/g Hb
37
Training at altitude means you are in what kind of state?
Hypoxic (hypoxia) ie.) LESS 02
38
What special quality does Fe (iron) have on structure?
it changes structure to allow 02 to pick up
39
Training can increase what?
Blood volume and RBC count
40
what effect does anemia have on 02 transport?
reduces the 02 carrying capacity considerably
41
what is anemia?
Iron deficiency
42
what happens to HR of a person who is anemic?
HR decreases
43
In the 02 dissociation curve, what does the flat portion allow for?
1. safety | 2. diffusion of gradient
44
In the 02 dissociation curve, what does the steep portion represent?
unloading to the tissues
45
what is myoglobin
1. Single iron containing protein in skeletal cardiac muscle cells 2.higher affinity for o2 02 is released at low P02
46
what does V02 depend upon?
1. 02 delivery | 2. 02 use in the mitochondria
47
Bohr effect
Shift to the right of the 02 dissociation curve caused by increases in PC02, temperature, 2,3 DPG and H+
48
what are 3 ways we transport C02
1. dissolved in plasma (5% formed during metabolism transported via plasma) 2. bound to Hb 3. plasma bicarbonate C02 + H20H2C03,__.H+ + HCO3
49
polycthemia
more RBC/100mL
50
what is ambient air?
760mmHg
51
02 transport cascade
air (159) alveolar (103) arterial (98) mean capillary (40) myoglobin (2-3)
52
Altitude sickness
drastic change in cascade driven by diffusion rate
53
Ventilatory control
complex mechanisms that adjust rate and depth of breathing neural circuits relay info receptors in various tissues monitor pH, PC02, P02, temp
54
What is the central controller of breathing?
ventral lateral medulla and pons -intrinsic pacemaker neurons, pattern for network generation
55
Efferent motor output
cranial and spinal nerve innervation of upper airway, bronchiole smooth muscle and respiratory pump
56
Sensory control of breathing
- medullary/carotid chemoreceptors | - mechanoreceptors
57
What neural structure contains pacemaker neurons?
Ventral lateral medulla
58
within the central control, what are the two areas required to have normal breathing?
1. circuits in the pons and medulla | 2. ventral lateral medulla
59
what are the three ways we control breathing?
1. central controller 2. efferent motor output 3. sensory receptors
60
Efferent motor output patterning is controlled by
passive exhalation | inhalation governed by diaphragm
61
what muscles govern inhalation?
diaphragm (phrenic nerve), scalene, sternocleidomastoids, external intercostals
62
what muscles govern exhalation
rectus & transverse abdominis, internal and external obliques, internal intercostals
63
Peripheral sensory output
chemoreceptors, medullary receptors (sensitive to pH)
64
what are 4 factors that control our regulation of breathing during exercise?
1. chemical control 2. neurogenic factors 3. temperature--little influence on respiratory rate during exercise 4. humoral factors
65
What are the 3 phases of hypernea during exercise?
Phase 1 (beg of exercise) neurogenic stimuli--from cortex and active muscles increase respiration Phase 2--ventilation rises exponentially to reach steady state (to meet metabolic demands) Phase 3--fine tuning of steady rate ventilation
66
what happens during recovery?
an abrupt decline in ventilation
67
Where is cold ambient air processed?
Conducting zone where it is warmed and rehydrated
68
what is the ventilatory equivalent?
VE/V02
69
what is the relationship between ventilation rate and 02 consumption?
as vent increases, 02 increases linearly
70
Ventilatory threshold
the point at which VE increases disproportionately with V02 during exercise
71
What happens as lactate is buffered?
C02 is regenerated from the bicarbonate stimulating ventilation
72
Alkalosis
increase pH
73
Acidosis
decrease pH
74
OBLA
occurs when blood lactate increases to 4 mmol/L
75
Lactate threshold
V02 at highest exercise intensity without increased blood lactate level of 1mmol
76
During light to moderate exercise what occurs to ventilation? (steady rate exercise)
Increases linearly with 02 consumption and C02 production
77
Non steady state exercise?
VE rises sharply and the VE/VO2 rises as high as 35-40L of air/L of 02.
78
What is the best tool in predicting performance?
OBLA over V02 max as it is more consistent
79
is maximum exercise limited by ventilation?
no

KIN 3470 (3 decks)

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