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Important > Pulmonary, Pneumonia, Pulmonary HTN > Flashcards

Pulmonary, Pneumonia, Pulmonary HTN Flashcards

1
Q

abbreviation for receptor ligand thought to contribute to the pulmonary arterial hypertension caused by anorexigens such as dexfenfluramine

A

5-HT

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2
Q

prototypical short-acting beta2-agonist used in asthma rescue inhalers and for asthma prophylaxis

A

albuterol

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3
Q

orally active endothelin antagonist that selectively blocks ET-A subset of receptors, pregnancy category X but lacks other significant adverse effects of bosentan

A

ambrisentan

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4
Q

routine therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension to minimize in situ thrombosis

A

anticoagulants

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5
Q

class of drugs that reduce the itching, sneezing and rhinorrhea associated with allergic rhinitis, appear to be inverse agonists rather than antagonists

A

antihistamines

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6
Q

macrolide with 15-atom ring, does not block cytochrome P450 and has unusual pharmacokinetics in that a single dose becomes concentrated in cells and is then slowly released at bacteriostatic levels over several days

A

azithromycin

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7
Q

category of antibiotics that generally should not be administered at the same time as bactericidal drugs

A

bacteriostatic

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8
Q

value is very low for second-generation inhaled glucocorticoids that end up in GI tract

A

bioavailability

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9
Q

risk of this is increased by some cephalosporins

A

bleeding

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10
Q

refers to COPD patients in which chronic bronchitis causes alveolar hypoxia, leading to pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction, erythrocytosis, and eventually cor pulmonale

A

blue bloater

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11
Q

orally active nonselective blocker of endothelin receptors; has hepatotoxicity as significant adverse effect, pregnancy category X necessitates use of two forms of birth control, and alters metabolism of several drugs including oral contraceptives

A

bosentan

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12
Q

especially important during the initial phase of an asthma attack, less so in the later phases as eosinophils, etc., migrate into the lungs

A

bronchoconstriction

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13
Q

notable among the “cefs” for being ~only agent eliminated by the liver rather than the kidneys

A

ceftriaxone

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14
Q

constructed from peptidoglycan in bacteria, crosslinking component of synthesis is blocked by beta-lactam antibiotics

A

cell wall

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15
Q

beta-lactam-containing antibiotics divided into 4 generations

A

cephalosporins

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16
Q

has less epigastric pain than erythromycin, but does block cytochrome P450

A

clarithromycin

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17
Q

a drug of choice for aspiration pneumonia due its spectrum of activity that includes most anaerobic bacteria; frequent cause of C. difficile colitis

A

clindamycin

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18
Q

an opioid, it is the most effective agent to suppress chronic non-productive cough

A

codeine

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19
Q

3rd leading cause of death in the US, a combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis

A

COPD

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20
Q

enlargement of the right side of the heart due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation

A

cor pulmonale

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21
Q

will block mast cell degranulation if you take it before exposure to an asthma trigger, and several times per day during peak allergy season

A

cromolyn

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22
Q

abbreviation for the agents initially characterized as the ‘slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis’

A

cyslt

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23
Q

use of these causes a phenomenon known as rebound congestion, where ever increasing dosages are required to see benefit while increasing side effects

A

decongestant

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24
Q

widely used non-opioid antitussive agent

A

dextromethorphan

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25
Q

a prototypical first-generation antihistamine

A

diphenhydramine

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26
Q

administered as needed to control peripheral edema in patients with right-sided heart failure

A

diuretics

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27
Q

one of the bacterial enzymes blocked by fluoroquinolones

A

DNA gyrase

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28
Q

recombinant deoxyribonuclease used to reduce the viscosity of sputum in cystic fibrosis, utility in other pulmonary diseases with excessive mucus secretion is uncertain

A

dornase alfa

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29
Q

a tetracycline useful for community-acquired pneumonia

A

doxycycline

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30
Q

abbreviation for inhaler requiring brisk inhalation to deliver powered medication to the lungs

A

DPI

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31
Q

an early sign of pulmonary arterial hypertension when associated with physical exertion

A

dyspnea

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32
Q

lacking for infections caused by adenovirus, parainfluenza and RSV

A

effective drugs

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33
Q

exceptionally potent vasoconstrictor produced by endothelial cells

A

endothelin

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34
Q

prostacyclin analog administered by central IV line for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, has 6 min half-life and must be kept refrigerated

A

epoprostenol

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35
Q

macrolide that is a frequent substitution for penicillin; causes epigastric pain and a well-known inhibitor of cytochrome P450

A

erythromycin

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36
Q

mnemonic for the multidrug resistant bacteria of greatest concern, members are responsible for ~80% of ventilator-associated pneumonia

A

ESKAPE

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37
Q

broad-spectrum orally active class of drugs with activity against gram-negative bacteria; current agents now also target gram-positive bacteria

A

fluoroquinolones

38
Q

widely-used inhaled glucocorticoid for persistent asthma therapy, intranasal glucocorticoid that is drug of first choice for chronic allergic rhinitis

A

fluticasone

39
Q

getting the annual version of this is the best protection against the influenza virus

A

flu vaccine

40
Q

essential for life, but too much–endogenous or exogenous– causes symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

glucocorticoids

41
Q

adding activity against these bacteria is what makes ampicillin and amoxicillin ‘broad-spectrum’ penicillins

A

gram negative

42
Q

purported to be an expectorant and common ingredient in OTC cold remedies, little evidence of benefit for any pulmonary disease

A

guaifenesin

43
Q

prostacyclin analog with intermediate half-life, administered by inhalation 6-9 times per day

A

iloprost

44
Q

short-acting anticholinergic drug, blocks muscarinic receptors causing bronchoconstriction caused by parasympathetic tone, drug of first-choice for COPD

A

ipratropium

45
Q

among the respiratory fluoroquinolones

A

levofloxacin

46
Q

having these turn blue in association with near-syncope and swelling in legs and ankles is a sign of progressing pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

lips

47
Q

a prototypical second-generation antihistamine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier

A

loratadine

48
Q

bacteriostatic drug class that includes erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, works by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and blocking peptide chain elongation

A

macrolides

49
Q

blocks leukotriene receptors responsible for bronchoconstriction and nasal congestion

A

montelukast

50
Q

treatment for acetaminophen toxicity, thins mucus but causes bronchoconstriction, so generally contraindicated in asthma and COPD

A

N-acetylcysteine

51
Q

penicillinase-resistant penicillin

A

nafcillin

52
Q

convenient way of delivering inhaled medicines to those who are young or physically incapacitated

A

nebulizer

53
Q

characteristic of second-generation antihistamines

A

non-sedating

54
Q

anti-IgE antibody, useful in asthma therapy but expensive

A

omalizumab

55
Q

not the preferred route for taking glucocorticoids when treating asthma

A

oral

56
Q

reduces duration and severity of influenza infection if taken within 48 hrs of symptom onset

A

oseltamivir

57
Q

reason gram-negative cells are gram-negative and barrier to many antibiotics

A

outer membrane

58
Q

administering this as necessary to maintain saturation levels > 90% is an important component of pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy

A

oxygen

59
Q

abbreviation for a finding of mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at rest and PCWP <= 15 mm Hg

A

PAH

60
Q

among the safest antibiotics, allergic reactions are the biggest problem

A

penicillins

61
Q

whether mild, moderate or severe, this main category of asthma severity requires daily medication

A

persistent

62
Q

alpha1-agonist increasingly being substituted into remedies for allergic rhinitis as the decongestant

A

phenylephrine

63
Q

enzyme responsible for cleaving arachidonic acid from the cell membrane for eicosanoid synthesis, its activity is blocked by lipocortin-1 expressed by cells in response to glucocorticoids

A

phospholipase A2

64
Q

refers to COPD patients in whom emphysema predominates; see less hypoxemia so less pulmonary vasoconstriction and erythrocytosis, and less severe pulmonary hypertension

A

pink puffer

65
Q

characterized as an extended spectrum penicillin because of its activity against P. aeruginosa

A

piperacillin

66
Q

lesions that are pathognomonic of PAH

A

plexiform

67
Q

vaccine against a broader range of S. pneumoniae serotype, but does not elicit a satisfactory immune response in those younger than age 2 yrs

A

pneumovax 23

68
Q

formed by tetracycline in the presence of calcium, magnesium, etc.

A

precipitate

69
Q

example of an orally administered glucocorticoid used to treat severe asthma

A

prednisone

70
Q

S. pneumoniae vaccine administered to newborns at 2, 4, 6 and 12-15 mo of age

A

prevnar 13

71
Q

agent with long history of use as decongestant, being replaced since a precursor for methamphetamine synthesis

A

pseudoephedrine

72
Q

syndrome caused by infusing vancomycin too fast

A

red man

73
Q

ideal status of respiratory fluoroquinolones I the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia

A

reserve

74
Q

phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat asthma, beneficial effects are modest

A

roflumilast

75
Q

flushing the nasal passages with this is an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis

A

saline

76
Q

prototypical long-acting beta2-agonist used for persistent asthma, not appropriate for rescue therapy and may increase asthma-related death

A

salmeterol

77
Q

orally active prostacyclin analog that is in late stage clinical trials for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

selexipag

78
Q

orally active phosphodiesterase type V inhibitor used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

sildenafil

79
Q

use of this can dramatically increase delivery of inhaled drugs from MDI to the lungs

A

spacer

80
Q

name given to bacterial pulmonary infections that develop secondary to viral infections

A

superinfection

81
Q

tetracyclines turn them gray/brown while developing

A

teeth

82
Q

can rupture during fluorquinolone therapy, especially in the young, old and in others who subject them to significant stress

A

tendons

83
Q

drug with a long history of use for treating asthma, has significant toxicities that diminish its use in the US

A

theophylline

84
Q

generally well-tolerated anticholinergic drug that can be administered once daily to the lungs to improve airflow in patients with symptomatic COPD

A

tiotropium

85
Q

prostacyclin analog with longer half-life that does not require refrigeration, administered IV, subQ and via inhalation for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

treprostinil

86
Q

smoke, dust mite feces, mold, pets and physical exercise are among these for an asthma attack

A

triggers

87
Q

MRSA and resistant C. difficile infections are reasons to use this antibiotic

A

vancomycin

88
Q

performed during right heart catheterization by infusion of a short-acting vasodilator to assess the likelihood that CCB could be effective therapy for the pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

vasopressor test

89
Q

seen more often in the very young, elderly and in its more severe forms in those who are immunocompromised

A

viral pneumonia

90
Q

definition of asthma in in which no more than 2 daytime symptoms per week, no more than 2 nighttime symptoms per month, rescue inhaler needed < 2 times per week, no interference with normal activity, peak flow ~ normal, no more than 1 urgent care visit per year

A

well controlled

91
Q

blocks a key enzyme in leukotriene synthesis

A

zileuton

Important (4 decks)

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