Pulmonary Ventilation

Question 1

What are the zones in pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 1

1. Conducting zone
2. Respiratory zone

Question 2

Function of conducting zone?

Answer 2

Conduction: (provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air)

Question 3

Air is ________, _________, and filtered in the conducting zone.

Answer 3

• warmed
• humidified

Question 4

The conducting zone contains ______, ________, and _______, which prevent the collapse of airways

Answer 4

• cilia
• mucus (respiratory escalator)
• cartilage

Question 5

Function of respiratory zone?

Answer 5

Gas exchange

Question 6

Alveoli (in alveolar sacs) are connected by ________ of ________ (lateral)

Answer 6

Pores of Kohn

Question 7

The ________ zone contains less cilia, mucus, smooth muscle and cartilage.

Answer 7

Respiratory

Question 8

Which zone contains elastic fibers?

Answer 8

Respiratory

Question 9

The CONDUCTING zone has a ________ size cross-sectional area. This contributes to a _______ flow rate.

Answer 9

• SMALLER cross-sectional area
• HIGHER air flow rate

Question 10

The RESPIRATORY zone has a ______ size cross-sectional area. This contributes to a _______ flow rate

Answer 10

• LARGER cross-sectional area
• SLOWER air flow rate

Question 11

The CONDUCTING zone has _______ resistance (in _______)

Answer 11

• HIGH resistance
• in SERIES

Question 12

The RESPIRATORY zone has ________ resistance (in _______)

Answer 12

• LOW resistance
• in PARALLEL

Question 13

Function of Type I alveolar cells?

Answer 13

Responsible for gas exchange

Question 14

Function of Type II alveolar cells?

Answer 14

Secretes surfactant (and can transform into type I cells when necessary)

Question 15

Which type of alveolar cells is most common?

Answer 15

Type I

Question 16

Primary Muscles of INspiration?

Answer 16

diaphragm, also external intercostals, SCM, serratus anterior, and scalenes

Question 17

Primary muscles of EXpiration?

Answer 17

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals (passive)

Question 18

Inspiratory muscles _______ (contract/relax) and _______ (increase/decrease) the volume of the thorax, which ________ (increases/decreases) the pressure in the thorax (alveolar & pleural)

Answer 18

• contract
• increases volume
• decreases pressure

Question 19

During _________, air enters the alveoli, and there is an increased alveolar pressure until alveolar = atmospheric

Answer 19

inspiration

Question 20

At the end of inspiration (right before exhalation) ____________ pressure is the ___________ (greatest/lowest)

Answer 20

• TRANSPULMONARY pressure
• greatest

Question 21

During exhalation, inspiratory muscles ________ (contract/relax) and ________ (increase/decrease) volume of the thorax, which __________ (increase/decrease) the pressure in the thorax (alveolar & pleural)

Answer 21

• inspiratory muscles RELAX
• DECREASE volume in thorax
• INCREASES pressure in thorax

Question 22

For air to ENTER the lungs: alveolar pressure must be _______ than atmospheric pressure

Answer 22

LESS

Question 23

For air to LEAVE the lungs: alveolar pressure must be _______ than atmospheric pressure

Answer 23

GREATER

Question 25

Functions of Respiratory System:

Answer 25

A. Exchange of gases between atmosphere and the blood (external respiration) B. Regulation of pH C. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritants D. Vocalization E. Route for water and heat loss

Question 26

4 versions of gas exchange:

Answer 26

1. Ventilation: air moves in and out of lungs 2. Gases diffuse between alveoli and blood 3. Blood carries gas through body 4. Gases diffuse between blood and tissues

Question 27

Where does the visceral pleura attach?

Answer 27

Attaches to the surface of the lung

Question 28

What does the parietal pleura cover?

Answer 28

Covers surface of chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Question 29

What is contained in the pleural space?

Answer 29

Contains very thin layer of pleural fluid under NEGATIVE pressure (called intrapleural pressure - Pip)

Question 30

What does Intrapleural pressure (Pip) ensure?

Answer 30

ensures the lungs are held to chest wall and will move with the chest wall during inspiration and expiration

Question 31

What is a pleural effusion?

Answer 31

excess fluid in pleural space, which makes lung expansion difficult so the person will breathe shallow and fast

Question 32

Right lung has how many lobes?

Answer 32

3 lobes

Question 33

Left lung has how many lobes?

Answer 33

2 lobes

Question 34

Each lung has zones that differ in the amount of _______ and _______

Answer 34

air (ventilation; V) and blood (perfusion; Q)

Question 35

Healthy lungs only have zones ____ and ____

Answer 35

2 & 3

Question 36

Unhealthy lungs include zone ___

Answer 36

1

Question 37

Which zone is best for gas exchange?

Answer 37

Zone 3

Question 38

There is greater ventilation (V) of alveoli and blood flow (Q) into capillaries in Zone ___ compared to other zones

Answer 38

3

Question 39

The respiratory system is divided into two functional zones: ________ zone and _________ zone

Answer 39

Conducting zone Respiratory zone

Question 40

Airways have a _______ in cartilage and an ________ in smooth muscle as you move along the airways

Answer 40

Decrease; increase

Question 41

Cartilage functions to _______ airways ______

Answer 41

HOLD airways OPEN

Question 42

There is a large ______ in surface area as you move deeper into the _________ zone and exchange surfaces

Answer 42

INCREASE in surface area CONDUCTING zone

Question 43

The amount of air in the ___________ zone is 150mL called the ___________ ________ ________

Answer 43

CONDUCTING zone ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE