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Physiology - Pulmonary > Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

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1
Q

Purpose of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea?

A

Conditioning of Inspired Air

Phonation

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2
Q

of divisions/branch points between trachea and alveoli?

A

23

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3
Q 
The first \_\_\_(#) branches do what activity?
Branches \_\_\_\_\_ (#) do what activity?
A

1-16 Only Move Air

17-23 have Absorptive Area

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4
Q

How do gasses move starting at the terminal and resp. bronchioles?

A

By Diffusion

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5
Q

What equation describes the cross sectional area of the alveoli and the volume of air?

A

(V1)(A1)=(V2)(A2)

*A refers to total area at this level

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6
Q

What comprises the conductive zone?

A

Bronchi, Bronchioles, Terminal Bronchioles

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7
Q

What is the conductive zone used for?

A

Bulk air movement

Defenses

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8
Q

Transitional/Respiratory Zones include:

A

Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli

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9
Q

Purpose of the transitional/respiratory zone?

A

Gas Exchange

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10
Q

Functional unit within the transitional/respiratory zone?

A

Acinus – terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli, and their circulation

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11
Q

Effect of surface area on air velocity?

A

Each branch point leads to much greater surface area, causes the air velocity to drastically decrease.

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12
Q

How is air moved in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Bulk Flow

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13
Q

Three components of the circulation

A

Pulmonary Artery
Capillary Bed
Pulmonary Vein

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14
Q

Surfaces that oxygen must traverse

A 
Alveoli epithelium
Basement membrane
EC Fluid
Capillary Endothelium
Plasma
RBC
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15
Q

Region responsible for conditioning the air?

What does conditioning entail?

A

Nose-Pharynx

Humidification, Warming, Filtration

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16
Q

Value of humidification and warming?

A

Prevents desiccation of respiratory surface that could lead to infection

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17
Q

What filters particles over 10um?

A

Nosehairs

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18
Q

What filers particles from 5-10um?

A

Particles lodge in passageways due to turbulent airflow and inertia differences that cause them to collide with the surfaces.

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19
Q

What filters particles from 2-5um?

A

They settle out in bronchioles due to slow air velocity and gravity.

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20
Q

What filters particles less than 1 um?

A

Nothing. They land in the alveoli

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21
Q

Four players/actions involved in removal of debris?

A

Mucous
Cilia
Alveolar Macrophages
Sneexing/Coughing

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22
Q

Role of mucous?

A

Suspends debris, protects respiratory surfaces.

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23
Q

Where does mucous come from?

A

Secreted by submucosal glands and goblet cells.

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24
Q

Why is it difficult to suspend particles in the acini?

A

Mucous secreting cells only go as far as the terminal bronchioles.

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25
Role of cilia in debris removal?
Propels mucous suspension toward pharynx from URT and LRT.
26
What is the intrapleural space?
Liquid-filled area between visceral pleura (outer covering of lung) and parietal pleura (inner covering of chest wall and diaphragm).
27
Role of intrapleural space?
Allows application of force from the chest wall/diaphragm to the lungs and viceversa.
28
Is the intrapleural pressure positive or negative?
Negative (enough to resist the lung's desire to collapse)
29
What is it called when the chest cavity/intrapleural space is exposed to atmospheric pressure? What happens? Why?
Pneumothorax. Loss of slightly negative intrapleural pressure causes lungs to collapse.
30
Flow =
Pressure/Resistance
31
How does the diaphragm allow respiration? How much of the work of respiration does it account for?
Flattens out, changing cavity volume/pressure | 75%
32
Other than the diaphragm, who else helps with inspiration?
External Intercostal muscles Scalene Sternomastoid Muscles
33
When are the non-diaphragm muscles especially important?
Forced Inspiration | ex. = exercise
34
Explain inspiration in the context of air flow/pressure.
- Expiration lowers IP Pressure (Makes subatmospheric) - Pressure diff between Alv and URT causes air to flow toward alveoli - Large area makes small pressures sufficient to move lots of air
35
How does expiration typically work?
Passive action of the recoil of the elastic elements in the lungs.
36
What is different about active expiration?
Use of abdominal muscles
37
Respiratory resistance equation.
(Airway Resistance) + (Tissue Resistance) + (Thoracic Resistance)
38
What might increase pulmonary resistance?
Disease (Pulm. Fibrosis) | Increased Blood in Lungs
39
What might increase thoracic resistance?
Diseases of the rib cage and diaphragm. | Increased intra-abdominal volume.
40
What is surface tension?
Mutual attraction of water molecules at air-water interface
41
Effect of surface tension on lung compliance? | Test that can show us this?
Surface tension alone would tend to decrease lung compliance, leading to collapse of the alveoli Fill a lung with saline
42
What is surfactant?
A phospholipid, made of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and 4 proteins
43
What does surfactant do?
Dramatically lowers surface tension of the alveolar surface | Induces area-dependent effect on tension
44
Why does area-dependent effect on tension happen?
Area-Dependent changes in packing of surfactant molecules | Resulting changes btw water molecules
45
Pressure required maintain alveoli size is ________ related to its radius.
Inversely
46
Describe the role of surfactant using the terms tension, pressure, and radius.
Surfactant decreases tension to compensate for increased pressure due to smaller radius.
47
At ____ weeks gestation, surfactant production begins.
32
48
Surfactant production is under the control of _____
Cortisol
49
What does spirometry measure?
Volumes and capacities to assess lung function.
50
Normal Tidal Volume?
0.5L
51
Normal Inspiratory Capacity? IC Equation?
3L | TV+IRV
52
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume? Normal Levels?
Maximum volume of forced exhale after normal exhale | 1.5L
53
Vital Capacity -- Eq. and Normal level
TV+IRV+ERV | 4.5L
54
What is residual volume? Normal level?
Volume left after maximum Exhale | 1.5 L
55
Functional Residual Capacity. Equation and Normal level?
ERV+RV | 3L
56
What is described by Functional Residual Capacity?
Balance of force between lung collapse and chest wall recoil.
57
How to measure functional residual capacity.
- Measure using known concentration and volume of insoluble gas. - Gas will come to constant concentration after equilibrating with the lungs. - C1V1=C2(V1+FRC)
58
What is total lung capacity?
Max volume the lungs can hold.
59
What does forced expiratory volume measure? | What is forced vital capacity?
Volume exhaled in the first second of forced exhalation after inhale to TLC. FVC is the total air expelled forcibly
60
Average value for FEV/FVC?
0.8 (rate of 8-10/min)
61
Two types of work in breathing.
Elastic Work | Flow resistive work
62
Cause of airway resistance?
Frictional loss of energy from airway walls
63
Radius resistance relationship
resistance is proportional to 1/r^4
64
Two types of pathological changes to the lungs.
Obstructive or Restrictive
65
Explain Asthma and resistance.
Bronchoconstriction causes increased resistance | Increased mucous, edema, and inflammation may be less tractable)
66
What is exercise induced asthma?
Coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness caused by bronchoconstriction. Thought to be related to heat and water loss in rapid respiration.
67
Explain the changes of resistance in emphysema.
FRC increase Elastic Work Decreases Airway resistance increases
68
Name five restrictive diseases
``` Atalectsis Consolidation Pleural Effusion Pneumothorax Respiratory Distress Syndrom ```
69
What are restrictive diseases characterized by?
Reduction in total lung capacity
70
What is atelectsis?
Lung collapse
71
What is consolidation?
Filling of alveolar spaces with inflam. exudates
72
What is pleural effusion?
Heart failure Hypoporteinemia Infection Neoplasm
73
Two kinds of RDS? Who gets them?
Idiopathic RDS -- Infants, esp. premature | Acute RDS -- Adults
74
What is associated with onset of Acute RDS?
12-24 hours after trauma, near-drowning, acid aspiration, etc.
75
How do restrictive diseases alter FEV/FVC? FRC?
Increased FEV/FVC | FRC decreases
76
What is anatomic dead space?
The volume of conductive, non-respiratory passages.
77
Tidal volume must be ______ than Dead Space
Greater
78
What happens to dead space in ventilation?
Exhale forves old alveolar air into dead space Inhale beings some of this air back with new air Some new air stays in the dead space
79
Tidal Volume =
Volume of Dead Space Air - Alveolar Air
80
Alveolar Ventilation =
(TV-Vdead) X (#breaths/minute)
81
Effect of dead space on effective ventilation?
Rapid, Shallow breathing ventilates less efficiently | Deep, Slow is better because of dead space contribution
82
What is it? What do you do? Small Puncture Wound No Breath Sounds on Right R=28
Collapsed R Lung Close wound, put in chest tube and connect with neg. pressure system
83
What happens when people breathe their vomit?
Aspirate HCl --> Kills Alveoli --> No Lung Tissue for Exchange You die.

Physiology - Pulmonary (5 decks)

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