Pulmonology Flashcards
which lobe makes up most of the posterior side?
lower lobe
where do the vast majority of communal infections end up in the lung?
in the R middle lobe–because the bronchus for the right side has a much steeper slope
what structures make up the upper air conduction tract?
nasophayrnx, oropharynx, larynx
what structures make up the lower air conduction tract?
trachea, primary bronchi, bronchial tree bifurcation (bronchioles, alveoli)
what structures make up the respiratory tract?
the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
which phase of respiration is active?
inspiration
what is the tidal volume? whats a normal amount?
the amount of air we move in and out in respiration. normal is 500 mLs of air per breath
how do you find minute volume?
Respiratory rate x tidal volume=amount of air moved per minute
descibe dyspnea
o Subjective description of difficult, labored or uncomfortable breathing.
• “shortness of breath”
• “breathlessness”
• “not getting enough air”
what physiologic process is difficult for someone with SOB and pursed lips who leans forward?
hard for them to get air out
what disease is signified by “pink puffers”?
usually emphysema
describe orthopnea
dyspnea in recumbent position
what are typical causes of orthopnea?
CHF=pulmonary edema, volume overload, or COPD
what is the nickname for people with orthopnea?
blue bloaters
dyspnea in recumbent position. Can’t breathe against gravity
orthopnea
orthopnea that wakens pt from sleep, feels like drowning. Often described as need to sit up abruptly to breathe after they’ve layed down to sleep. often associated with left sided heart failure
pND
dyspnea in upright position
platypnea
hyperventilation: minute ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
hyperpnea
"When someone blows off more co2 and have alkalosis (getting rid of hydrogen ions) Associated with: hyperventilation hypocalcemia. "
carpopedal spasms
what are some possible causes of carpopedal spasms?
pituitary tumors (hypocalcemia), MI, PE, anxiety attack
tactile vibrations felt from pulmonary tree through chest wall
tactile fremitus
The phenomena of increased volume and clarity of sounds transmitted through a solid or liquid opposed to through air.
Same thing as vocal fremitus except instead of feeling we are listening with our stethoscope
bronchophony/egophony
normal, symmetrical upward and outward movement of the ribs and chest wall during inspiration.
chest wall expansion
Refers to the movement of the diaphragm from its high resting position to its lower, flattened position when it is flexed in inspiration.
diaphragmatic excursion
what are some conditions that can cause a decreased diaphgragmatic excursion?
fluid in pleural space–weighs on diaphragm and diaphgram can’t passively push against it. Phrenic nerve paralysis.
stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin that forms in red blood cells when carbon monoxide is inhaled, and hinders delivery of oxygen to the body.
carboxyhemoglobin
how do you tx someone with carboxyhemoglobin?
hypobaridc oxygen Put them in a chamber that puts them at much much higher pressure and what happens is it breaks the bind between c02 and hgb and allows o2 to go in and compete
how does a pulse oximeter work?
Oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs more infrared light and allows more red light to pass through. Deoxygenated (or reduced) hemoglobin absorbs more red light and allows more infrared light to pass through.
what is vesicular breath sounds?
Soft and low pitch. They are heard through inspiration, continue without pause through expiration, and then fade away about one third of the way through expiration. Because no pressure in there to make noise.
in which breath sounds are most of the disease?
vesicular
what are bronchovesicular breath sounds?
With inspiratory and expiratory sounds about equal in length, at times separated by a silent interval. Detecting differences in pitch and intensity is often easier during expiration.
what are bronchial breath sounds?
Louder and higher in pitch, with a short silence between inspiratory and expiratory sounds. Expiratory sounds last longer than inspiratory sounds.