Pump Manual

Question 1

Atmospheric Pressure

Answer 1

Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the surface of the earth due to the weight of air. At sea level it is 14.7 psi.

Question 2

BTU

Answer 2

British Thermal Unit: a unit of energy needed to cool or heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

Question 3

Freeman’s Formula

Answer 3

Determines flow from solid bore nozzles and solid stream orifices such as a hydrant port.

Question 4

Equation for determining GPM from a solid bore

Answer 4

GPM = 29.7 x D squared x Square Root of NP (80 or 50)

Question 5

Eductor Rate

Answer 5

Class B: 3% for hydrocarbons, 6% for polar solvents. Class A: 0.1%-1.0% based on situational need

Question 6

Flow Pressure

Answer 6

aka Velocity Pressure. Pressure created by the rate of flow or velocity of water coming from a discharge. Measured using a pitot gauge.

Question 7

Head Pressure

Answer 7

Pressure generated by the weight of a column of water above the pump. For every 1-foot increase in elevation, .434 psi is gained.

Question 8

Master Stream

Answer 8

A large caliber hose stream capable of flowing 350 GPM or more.

Question 9

Maximum Lift

Answer 9

The height a pumper in good condition can be expected to lift water at draft. Generally considered 2/3 of theoretical lift, or between 22 and 25 feet.

Question 10

Maximum Dependable Flow

Answer 10

75% of the total capacity of an engine. This is the maximum flow for an engine during a relay operation (NFPA standard).

Question 11

NFF

Answer 11

Needed Fire Flow. The amount of water needed to control the fire within 1 minute.

Question 12

Net PDP

Answer 12

Net Pump Discharge Pressure. The actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump. Net PDP = discharge pressure - incoming supply pressure.

Question 13

Reasonable Efficiency

Answer 13

Term to describe the percentage of water that is actually converted to steam when applied to a fire. The accepted amount is 80% of water will be converted to steam and 20% will be wasted.

Question 14

Residual Pressure

Answer 14

Pressure at the test hydrant while water is flowing. Represents the pressure remaining in the water system while the test water is flowing and is that part of the total pressure that is not used to overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through the hose, etc.

Question 15

Static Pressure

Answer 15

The stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, fire hose, and adaptors while water is at rest.

Question 16

Theoretical Lift

Answer 16

Theoretical, scientific height that a column of water may be lifted by atmospheric pressure in a true vacuum; at sea level it is considered 33.9 feet.

Question 17

Type 1 or Class A pumper

Answer 17

A centrifugal pump that delivers 100% of its capacity at 150 psi, 70% at 200 psi, and 50% at 250 psi as measured from draft lifting water higher than 10 feet.

Question 18

1 gallon contains how many cubic inches?

Answer 18

231

Question 19

1 cubic foot of water weighs how much?

Answer 19

62.5 lbs

Question 20

1 cubic foot contains how many gallons?

Answer 20

7.48 gallons

Question 21

1 gallon of water weighs how much?

Answer 21

8.34 lbs

Question 22

A column 1 foot high exerts how much pressure at the base?

Answer 22

.434 psi

Question 23

1 psi will raise a column of water how high?

Answer 23

2.304 feet

Question 24

Doubling the velocity of water through hose will have what effect?

Answer 24

Quadruple the friction loss

Question 25

A perfect vacuum is what?

Answer 25

About 30" Hg

Question 26

A perfect vacuum will raise water how high?

Answer 26

33.9 feet

Question 27

One gallon of water will absorb how many BTU's?

Answer 27

9343 BTU

Question 28

1 BTU means what?

Answer 28

The heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1 degree F

Question 29

1 cubic foot of water expands how much at 212 degrees F?

Answer 29

1700 cubic feet of steam

Question 30

Iowa formula for estimating GPM needed to control a fire.

Answer 30

GPM = Cubic feet involved / 100 (Used with legacy fuels)

Question 31

NFF calculation

Answer 31

NFF = length x width / 3 x % involved.

Question 32

Average output of burning material in a room.

Answer 32

8000-16000 BTU per pound.

Question 33

Principle 1 of water: Fluid pressure is ________ to any surface on which it acts.

Answer 33

Perpendicular

Question 34

Principle 2 of water: When a fluid is at rest, fluid pressure is ________ in all directions

Answer 34

The same

Question 35

Principle 3 of water: When there is an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is _________ at every other point in the container

Answer 35

An equal increase

Question 36

Principle 4 of water: The downward pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is ________ to its depth

Answer 36

Proportional

Question 37

Principle 5 of water: The downward pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is _________ to its density

Answer 37

Proportional

Question 38

Principle 6 of water: The downward pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is ___________ by the shape of the container.

Answer 38

Not affected

Question 39

Flow Pressure

Answer 39

The measurement of water coming from a discharge opening. The pressure shown on a pump discharge gauge when water is flowing. Can also be determined using a pitot gauge.

Question 40

Normal Operating Pressure

Answer 40

The pressure in a water system during normal consumption demands. The difference between static pressure and normal operating pressure is caused by friction loss within the system.

Question 41

Static Pressure

Answer 41

The measurement of water when it is at rest or not moving through hose.

Question 42

How many gallons in 100' 1 3/4" hose?

Answer 42

12.5 gallons

Question 43

How many gallons in 100' 2 1/2" hose?

Answer 43

26 gallons

Question 44

How many gallons in 100' 4" hose?

Answer 44

65 gallons

Question 45

How many gallons in 100' 5" hose?

Answer 45

102 gallons

Question 46

Max gpm through a hand line nozzle

Answer 46

350 gpm

Question 47

Solid bore hand line nozzle pressure

Answer 47

50 psi

Question 48

Solid bore master stream nozzle pressure

Answer 48

80 psi

Question 49

Automatic fog nozzle

Answer 49

Have the capability to flow water at varying GPM while maintaining a constant nozzle pressure

Question 50

Piercing Nozzle gpm and pressure

Answer 50

125 gpm, 100 psi

Question 51

Cellar Nozzle gpm and pressure

Answer 51

250 gpm, 100 psi

Question 52

Chimney Nozzle gpm and pressure

Answer 52

1-3 gpm, 100 psi

Question 53

Master Stream Foam Nozzle gpm and pressure

Answer 53

350 gpm, 100 psi

Question 54

Nozzle Reaction for Fog Nozzles Equation

Answer 54

NR = .0505 x Q x square root of NP

Question 55

Nozzle Reaction for Smooth Bore Nozzles

Answer 55

NR = 1.57 x D squared x NP

Question 56

Horizontal Reach

Answer 56

A stream that has a discharge angle of 45 degrees or less

Question 57

Vertical Reach

Answer 57

A stream that has a discharge angle of 45 degrees or more

Question 58

Greatest horizontal reach is obtained at what angle?

Answer 58

32 degrees

Question 59

What causes pressure loss in fire hose?

Answer 59

90% is turbulence, 5-10% is friction

Question 60

Principle 1 of friction loss: Friction loss varies ______ with the length of the hose.

Answer 60

Directly

Question 61

Principle 2 of friction loss: Double the velocity = ______ the friction loss

Answer 61

Quadruple

Question 62

Principle 3 of friction loss: For the same discharge, FL varies _______ of the diameter of the hose

Answer 62

Inversely as the fifth power

Question 63

Principle 4 of friction loss: For a given velocity flow, friction loss is _______ regardless of the pressure on the water.

Answer 63

Approximately the same

Question 64

Hose Multipliers for Q squared method

Answer 64

1 3/4" = x10, 2 1/2" = x2, 4" = /5, 5" = /20

Question 65

How is elevation loss or gain calculated?

Answer 65

0.5 psi for every foot of elevation lost or gained.

Question 66

AFL in standpipe piping if less than 350 gpm

Answer 66

10 psi

Question 67

AFL in standpipe piping if more than 350 gpm

Answer 67

25 psi

Question 68

AFL for foam eductor

Answer 68

50 psi

Question 69

AFL for appliances (wyes, siamese, and manifolds) if more than 350 gpm

Answer 69

10 psi

Question 70

AFL for master streams (ladder pipes, deck guns, ground monitors)

Answer 70

25 psi

Question 71

Starting PDP for sprinkler systems

Answer 71

150 psi

Question 72

How much gpm does an open sprinkler head require?

Answer 72

20 gpm

Question 73

Sprinklers are annually tested to what pressure?

Answer 73

175 psi

Question 74

Class 1 standpipe system

Answer 74

2 1/2" outlets for firefighting

Question 75

Class 2 standpipe system

Answer 75

1 1/2" hose outlets for occupant use

Question 76

Class 3 standpipe system

Answer 76

Combination standpipe, integrates class 1 and 2 into one system

Question 77

Pump to which floor for standpipe PDP?

Answer 77

Highest floor

Question 78

Two parallel lines will have ______ the friction loss of a single line with the same diameter, length, and GPM flow.

Answer 78

1/4

Question 79

Two types of relay pumping operations

Answer 79

Constant pressure relay and Maximum distance relay

Question 80

Constant pressure relay

Answer 80

All engines in relay set PDP to same pressure, attack engine leaves an unused discharge port open to handle the excess water not being used

Question 81

Maximum distance relay

Answer 81

Determine how far a predetermined amount of water can be pumped through a particular size hose

Question 82

Max net PDP for relay pumping

Answer 82

180 psi (250 psi pump rating - 50 psi safety - 20 psi intake residual)

Question 83

Number of pumpers needed in a relay equation

Answer 83

Total distance of relay / maximum distance + 1

Question 84

Application Rates for Class-A Foam

Answer 84

0.5% Fire Attack. 0.2% Overhaul. 1.0% Defensive Coatings. 0.1-0.2% Wildland Pre-treating Structures

Question 85

Application Rate for Class-B Foam

Answer 85

3% Hydrocarbons. 6% Polar Solvents.

Question 86

Hydrocarbons

Answer 86

Flammable liquids that float on and will not mix with water (gasoline, diesel, heptane, kerosene)

Question 87

Polar Solvents

Answer 87

Flammable liquids that will mix with water (ketones, esters, alcohol)

Question 88

Novacool

Answer 88

Class AB Foam can be used on Class A, B, D, K, and 3D fires. Known as a "Universal Extinguishing Agent".

Question 89

Application Rates for Novacool

Answer 89

0.4% Fire Attack. 0.1% Overhaul and Brush Fires

Question 90

Average fire load of a typical bedroom

Answer 90

4.3 lbs/ft2

Question 91

How is theoretical lift calculated

Answer 91

14.7 X 2.304 = 33.9

Question 92

Velocity

Answer 92

Speed at which water travels through fire hose - measured in feet per second (FPS)

Question 93

What does 1 inch of Mercury on the vacuum gauge indicate?

Answer 93

1.13 feet a column of water can be lifted (30 inches x 1.13 = 33.9 feet of life)

Question 94

Pumpers in good condition can be expected to develop a vacuum of _____ inches of Mercury

Answer 94

22 inches Hg. (22 in Hg x 1.13 feet = 25 feet of lift)

Question 95

Equation for Horizontal Reach of a Solid Stream

Answer 95

Distance = 1/2 x NP + 26 (+5 for every 1/8" increase over 3/4")

Question 96

AFL for elevated master stream

Answer 96

25 psi for elevated master stream, 25 psi for waterway piping

Question 97

Maximum distance between pumpers equation

Answer 97

165/FL x 100