Purification (Ascent To Felicity) Flashcards
What does ‘purification’ refer to legally?
The removal of filth from one’s body, garments, and place of prayer; as well as the removal of one’s state of ritual impurity, thereby rendering the person in a state of ritual purity.
What types of water is purification valid with?
Really and truly ‘unconditioned water’ (water that is simply water and does not require a further description that conditions it in order to be accurately identified); examples include, rain water, well water, spring water, river water, sea water [even if salty], water from melted snow or hail.
What does it mean for that water that can be used for purification to remain “purifying”?
It is for it to remain with its natural characteristics, without anything having mixed with it to “condition it” and therefore remove its “purifying” quality (even if it is flowing or in a large cistern (one with a surface area of at least 10 by 10 cubits and a depth such that its floor is to exposed when scooping out water with both hands).
What is an obligatory integral (fard, furūd/farā’id)?
It is that which an action is composed of and that which must be performed for the action to be complete and valid. If any one integral is omitted, the entire action is deemed invalid, and the person would have incurred sin if it were intentionally omitted.
What is the hukm of a mandatory requisite (wājib)?
It is that which must be performed; however, its omission (unlike an obligatory integral (fard)) does not entail invalidity, but is sinful if intentional.
What are the obligatory integral (furūd/farā’id) of wudū’?
- Washing the face—lengthwise demarcation from the top of the forehead to the bottom of the chin for someone without a thick beard, or to the bottom of the beard that lies on the face and does not hang below the chin for someone with a thick beard, width wise it is from one earlobe to the other, even for someone with a beard.
- Washing the two arms, up to and including the elbows.
- Wiping a fourth of the head.
- Washing the two feet, up to and including the ankles.
What is the legal definition of washing?
Causing water to flow over the area such that it drips, with a minimum of two drops.
What is the legal definition of ‘wiping’?
The placing of a wet hand onto a limb, or (more specifically?) wetness touching an area.
What is the demarcation of the ‘head’?
That which is above the ears.
What is the definition of an emphasised sunna (sunna mu’akkada)?
That which the Messenger ﷺ and his rightly guided successors after him performed regularly and consisted without omission except once or twice.
What is the hukm of missing a ‘sunna’?
If missed once without a valid excuse this is mildly dislike (makrūh tanzīhan) and entails “doing wrong” (isā’a). If persistently left out without an excuse, could be sinful depending on the level of emphasis, because some are more emphasised than others. However, the sin is less severe than that incurred by omitting a mandatory requisite (wājib), and a fard.
List 17 sunan of wudū’?
- Niyya
- Siwāk (before or whilst rinsing the mouth) (deemed a Sunna of the wudū’ not the prayer, so its merit is in every salāh with this wudū’, if you don’t have one or cannot use it for health reasons, you can use the finger and the thumb to get the reward)
- Tasmiya (to say ‘bi-sm Allāh ar-Rahmān ar-Rahīm’, or ‘bi-sm Allāh al-‘Adhīm wal-hamdu li-llāhi ‘alā dīni l-Islām) (at the beginning)
- Washing the hands up to and including the wrists at the beginning
- Maintaining the correct order of limbs, as Allāh Almighty has listed in His Book (Qur’ān 5:6)
- Continuity (such that each limb is washed before the previous one dries, or according to some: not engaging in another act unrelated to wudū’ whilst performing wudū’)
- Washing the limbs three complete times (wash the limb completely three times, not put water on it three times, to do so more or less than this is contrary to the sunna)
- Rinsing the entire mouth three times
- Rinsing the soft part of the nose three times
- Running wet fingers through the beard (after washing the face)
- Running wet fingers in between the fingers and toes (placing hands or feet under running water such that they become wet fulfils this sunna)
- Wiping the entire head (once, and the ears with the same water)
- Rubbing the limbs when washing them
- Starting with the right limb when washing arms and feet
- Starting with the tips of the fingers and toes when washing the arms and feet
- Starting with the front of the head when wiping it
- Wiping the back of the neck, but not the throat (with the back of one’s fingers without taking new water, this is mandūb and not an emphasised sunna)
What is the legal definition of ‘rubbing’?
To run one’s hand or the like over the washed limb.
What are ‘ādāb’ in Fiqh?
That which the Prophet ﷺ did once or twice without establishing it as a normative practice (Sunna). There is no blame or sin in omitting it. It is synonymous to mustahabb mandūb tatawwu’ and nafl. Its omission is not deemed mildly disliked unless a specific prohibition exists.
List 8 ādāb of wudū’.
- Facing the qibla
- Avoiding the water used in wudū’ from getting onto your body and clothes
- Making supplications with the words that have been narrated
- Mentioning the Name of Allāh when washing each limb
- Performing wudū by yourself
- Rushing to perform wudū’ before the prayer time comes in unless one has a chronic excuse
- Reciting the two testifications of faith after its completion
- Drinking from the leftover water afterwards
What are the two types of makrūhayn and what do they refer to?
- Makrūh Tahrīman—the prohibitively disliked, it refers to an action that it is wājib to abstain from and sinful to perform without an excuse.
- Makrūh Tanzīhan—the mildly disliked, better to avoid yet no sin is incurred if performed even without an excuse.
What is between the two makrūhayn, what does it refer to, and what is it usually associated with?
Isā’a—“to do wrong”, it is to perform an action that is worse than mildly disliked, yet is less severe than prohibitively disliked, and therefore not sinful per se. It is often associated with omitting an emphasised Sunna once and without an excuse.
List 5 makrūhāt of wudū’.
- Wasting water (isrāf)
- Using too little water when washing (whereby washing resembles wiping)
- Striking or slapping the face with water when washing it (makrūh tanzīhan because entails leaving out the etiquette of wudū’ to avoid getting used water on one’s clothes)
- Speaking during wudū’ other than making supplication
- Having someone else assist one in wudū’ without a valid excuse (i.e. the actual washing or wiping, not the pouring of water/bringing the water to you)
What are the legal reasons for performing wudū’?
- The desire to do that which is not permissible except in a state of wudū’, like the ritual prayer or touching a copy of the Qur;ān.
- The Divine Command being directed at someone because of the near expiration of the prayer time.
What are the 7 conditions that make one legally responsible to perform wudū’?
- Islām
- Puberty
- Sanity
- Termination of menstruation, postnatal bleeding, or the state of ritual impurity
- Access to and ability to use sufficient purifying water
- Ability to perform the prayer
- The divine command being directed to the person due to the near expiration of the prayer time
What are the 4 conditions of the validity of wudū’?
- That purifying water completely encompasses the skin of those limbs that are obligatory to be washed
- The removal of anything that blocks water from reaching the skin
- The termination of any state that contradicts wudū’ while washing, for example the appearance of urine at the tip of the penis
What is the hukm of wudū’?
The permissibility of that which was impermissible before it, such as performing the prayer and touching a copy of the Qur’ān.
What are the arkān of wudū’?
The four obligatory elements.
What after the three categories of wudū’?
- Obligatory (fard)—namely when a person is in a state of minor ritual impurity and intends to perform (1) the ritual prayer, (2) the prostration of recital, (3) touching a verse of the Qur’ān (without a non-attached barrier).
- Mandatory (wājib)—namely when a person is in a state of minor ritual impurity and intends on performing circumambulation around the Ka’ba or touching a book of Qur’ānic exegesis (unless most of its contents is not actually Qur’ānic script according to the position inclined towards by ibn ‘Ābidīn, and according to other even then it can still be touched, but the actual Qur’ānic script cannot be touched)
- Recommended (mandūb)—namely when a person is in a state of minor ritual impurity in the following cases:
(1) before touching a book of fiqh or the like (books of jurisprudence, theology, or hadīth but there is a dispensation for people that handle them on a regular basis)
(2) to renew one’s wudū’ for another prayer
(3) to avoid disagreement of scholars from other schools such as after having touched a woman (or one’s genitalia)
(4) before sleeping
(5) after waking up from sleep
(6) after every sin
(7) after laughing out loud outside the prayer
Does the prohibition of touching a verse of the Qur’ān also extend to the writing of this in any book?
Obviously
What parts of the Mashaf cannot be touched without wudū’?
Any part of it.
Does the prohibition of touching the Qur’ān extend to translations?
Yes.
Does the prohibition of touching the Qur’ān extend to the other revealed books even in their abrogated and corrupted state?
Yes.
What is the hukm of touching the mashaf with a barrier that is attached to the book or with a part of one’s garment that is worn?
It is makrūh tahrīman
What is the hukm of touching the mashaf with a non-attached barrier?
It is permissible.
List 9 things that invalidate wudū.
- Anything that exits from the two openings (penis/the female genitalia and anus) (the appearance of filth at the tip or the edge of the opening is considered “exit” and nullifies wudū’) (note: a woman’s clear vaginal discharge is not impure (najis) and hence does not nullify wudū; it resembles sweat—unless coloured as that is the flowing of filth)
- Filth that flors from other than the two openings, like blood [and pus] (unlike (1) emergence is not sufficient here, must move to a place that must be cleaned to nullify wudū’) (only impure if flows) (if blood in the mouth only nullified wudū’ if saliva becomes red or pink as opposed to yellow)
- Vomiting a mouthful or more (i.e. to the extent that your mouth cannot withheld the vomit without strain)
- Sleeping in a position such that the buttocks are not firmly planted on the ground (like when lying down or leaning on one’s side) (if buttocks planted on the ground and lean on something that if was removed would make you fall over, still doesn’t break wudū’)
- Loss of consciousness
- Insanity
- Drunkenness
- Laughing out loud, by an adult, while performing the prayer
- Contact between an erect penis and vagina (without a thick cloth or the like acting as a barrier, “thick” means that which prevents feeling body heat from the other organ)
What are the three obligatory integrals of the ghusl?
- Rinsing the entire mouth once
- Rinsing the nose up to the bone once
- Washing whatever is possible without undue difficulty or hardship of the entire body once
List 5 emphasised sunan of ghusl in order.
- Intention (at the onset with the Basmala before revealing nakedness)
- Washing the hands until the wrists
- Washing one’s private parts
- Washing off any filth from the body
- Performing wudū’ first followed by pouring water over the entire body starting with the head three times (if under flowing water or rain for the length of time it would take to wash the body three times then this fulfils the sunna of washing the body three separate times)
What are the three types of ghusl?
- Obligatory (fard)—namely when:
(1) The emission of sperm/sexual fluid (manī) that leaves its normal place inside the body with pleasure (even if it exits without pleasure?) for any reason such as a wet dream or by looking (at one one or something with lust)
(2) The disappearance of the head of the penis into the vagina, or the anus, of a living human being whose body is desirable (even without the emission of sexual fluid)
(3) The ending of menstruation or postnatal bleeding
- Mandatory (wājib)—namely, for someone who becomes Muslim while in a state of major ritual impurity, although the sounder opinion is that the bath is obligatory (fard) on him, not mandatory
- Recommended (nafl)—for:
(1) Jumu’a (actually an emphasised Sunna)
(2) The two ‘īd prayers (actually an emphasised sunna)
(3) Entering into the state of ihrām (actually an emphasised sunna)
(4) The Day of ‘Arafa (actually an emphasised sunna) (for those on Hajj after midday)
(5) Entering Makka
(6) Entering Madīna
(7) Visiting the Prophet ﷺ
What does manī refer to for men and what does it refer to for women?
Men: sperm; thick white fluid that exits in spurts as lustful discharge (orgasm) followed by a listlessness of the organ.
Women: sexual fluid; thin and yellow, and comes with an orgasm.
What is madhy?
Presexual fluid; a thin, clear fluid that exits when aroused, yet not in the same way as sperm, its exit is also not followed by a listlessness of the sexual organ.
What is wady?
A thick, murky white fluid that often exits the male organ after urination, and could potentially precede it.
What is the hukm of wady and madhy?
Wudū’ is required, not ghusl by scholarly consensus.
Is ghusl required after having a wet dream but not finding wetness?
No, even for a woman.
Is ghusl required for the insertion of a finger or the like into the vagina?
No
Is ghusl required for intercourse with an animal (disgusting) without the emission of sperm?
No
List 8 valid excuses to perform tayammum.
- Being roughly one Hāshmite legal mile (mīl shar’ī) [1.16 mi. (1.86 k.m.)] (about a half-hour walk—reasonable likelihood is sufficient) away from water
- Extreme cold (such that there is reasonable likelihood of illness or loss of damage to a limb by using the water, and there is no access to something that can heat the water)
- Sickness (if a person is ill and fears sickness will become worse or prolonged by wudū’ or ghusl either due to the water itself or the movement) (fear must be based on reasonable likelihood either by (1) a clear and obvious sign, (2) past experience, (3) the medical experience of a skilled, Muslim physician who is not a fāsiq)
- Wounds on most of the body (for wudū’ determined by number of limbs, for ghusl determined by total body surface area; if half or more by either calculation depending on the purification that must be done are injured, tayammum can be done) (more information on this in the form of another question)
- Fear of thirst (for oneself, for one’s travel partner, one’s animal, at present or in the future)
- Fear of an enemy or a wild beast (around the water) (more information in the form of another question)
- Lack of apparatus to remove the water from a well
- Fear of missing the funeral prayer or the ‘Īd prayer, even if building up in one’s prayer (i.e. if one’s wudū’ was nullified during the prayer) as opposed to jumu’a and any other regular prescribed prayer (i.e. if one fears that by performing ghusl or wudū’ he will miss the jamā’a for these as they have no replacements) (if his wudū’ breaks during the prayer he can do tayammum and continue where he left off as long as he did not break it intentionally in which case he would begin the salāh as a newcomer)
What must one do if less than half of his limbs are injured in regards to wudū’/ghusl?
He must wash the uninjured ones and wipe the injured limbs with a wet hand, if that causes harm then with a wet cloth, if that causes harm then can leave them unwashed, if water would reach the injured limbs and cause damage by washing the uninjured limbs then can do tayammum.
In which instance would one have to repeat their prayer afterwards although tayammum was valid:
1. If there was a threat or an actual prevention from using water
2. If there was no threat but one feared the presence of an enemy or an animal
1.
How long is a legal Hashmite mile in miles and km?
1.16 mi. Or 1.86 km
If there is no time left to do wudū’/ghusl and pray, would tayammum suffice the obligation?
Nope
If someone forgot about water in their caravan and performed tayammum because of a lack of accessible water, etc. and then they performed their prayers only to find the water in the caravan afterwards, do they have to repeat their prayers?
No.
What kind of material can tayammum be made with and what are its two conditions?
It can be performed with any ‘pure substance of the earth’ as long as it is (1) not malleable—excluding metals, and (2) not something that can burn into ashes—excluding plant life or wood.
What is one advised to do if one is eligible for tayammum and cannot find pure substance of the earth that meets the two categories to perform it with, and what is the hukm of this action they are advised to perform?
It is wājib for them to perform an “imitation prayer” out of reverence for the sacred time; they must go through the motions—without the intention and despite their religious state—without reciting the Qur’ān. This would then have to be made up later on.
Give six examples of ‘pure substances of the earth’ that can be used for tayammum.
- Dirt
- Sand
- Antimony
- Limestone
- Stones
- Dust (even the dust on your clothes as long as it is visible on the hands after rubbing the garment)
What is the hukm of the intention in tayammum?
It is an obligatory condition (fard) for its validity.
What must the intention for tayammum specifically be?
- Leaving the state of impurity
- The permissibility of performing a ritual prayer
How is tayammum performed?
- Intention to remove the state of ritual impurity
- Strike the earth once
- Wipe the face completely with the substance he is using
- Strike the earth a second time
- Wipes the arms up to and including the elbows completely
What does ‘strike’ mean in tayammum?
It means ‘to place’.
Are both ‘strikes’ a condition for the validity of tayammum?
Yes.
What nullifies tayammum?
That which nullifies wudū’ and the termination of the excuse for performing tayammum.
Is it permissible to wash some limbs and then also perform tayammum?
No.
What are the conditions for the material the Khuff is made out of?
- They are made from thick material, such as wool, or broadcloth
- They remain on the foot without having to be tied (with the exception of a zipper or the like that is attached to the khuff)
- They are not see-through
- They completely cover the foot, up to and including the ankles (which must be covered from the sides, yet there is no harm if they can be seen from above)
- Once can walk a distance of at least (approximately) 3.48 miles (5.6 km) (farsakh) without their tearing (aside from small holes that are excused—holes that if combined are the equivalent to the surface area of the person’s three smallest toes, each khuff is considered separately; any hole into which a large sewing needle cannot fit is not given consideration) (also said holes can’t exist because of wear and tear)
- Water does not seep through them when wiping.
Do you need to have completed wudū’ before you wear the khuffayn?
No—but you need to have completed wudū’ and worn them (not necessarily before completion) in order to wipe over them
What is the length of time a resident and a traveller can wipe over khuffayn and when does this point of time start?
Resident: A complete day and night (24 hours)
Traveller: Three complete days and nights (72 hours)
This begins from the point they wudū’ is nullified.
