Push and Pull Factors - Paper 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Push factors for emigration of scots
- Highland clearances
- Overpopulation
- Poverty and unemployment
- Poor farming conditions
- Opportunities abroad
- Assisted emigration schemes
- Letters from emigrants
- Religious and political reasons
Push factors for emigration of scots - highland clearances
Crofters forcibly evicted by landlords to make way for sheep farming, especially from the 1840s, leaving them landless and desperate
Push factors for emigration of scots - overpopulation
Areas like highlands and parts of lowlands became overcrowded, leading to smaller plots of land and poor living conditions
Push factors for emigration of scots - poverty and unemployment
Decline of industries such as kelp, herring, and handloom weaving meant many scots lost their livelihoods and faced starvation or destitution
Push factors for emigration of scots - poor farming conditions
The land in the Highlands was rocky and infertile, with harsh weather, making it difficult to grow enough food to survive.
Push factors for emigration of scots - opportunities abroad
Countries like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand offered free or cheap land, better wages, and the chance to own property.
Push factors for emigration of scots - Assisted emigration schemes
The British government and colonial companies paid for passage abroad, especially for farmers and skilled workers.
Push factors for emigration of scots - letters from emigrants
Scots who had already emigrated sent back letters encouraging friends and family to join them, creating a “chain migration” effect.
Push factors for emigration of scots - religious and political reasons
Some Scots, such as members of the Free Church, emigrated to escape religious discrimination or political unrest.
Pull factors for emigration of scots
- Availability of land
- Higher wages
- Job opportunities
- Assisted passage schemes
- Letters from emigrants
- Chance of better life
- Religious freedom
- Education and social services
Pull factors for emigration of scots - availability of land
Countries like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand offered free or cheap farmland, especially attractive to crofters and farmers.
Pull factors for emigration of scots - Higher wages
Scots were attracted by better pay in jobs abroad, especially in farming, mining, and railway construction in North America and Australia.
Pull factors for emigration of scots - job oppertunities
Industrial growth in countries like the USA and Canada created high demand for skilled workers, including engineers and shipbuilders
Pull factors for emigration of scots - assisted passage schemes
Governments and companies abroad paid for Scots to emigrate, making it easier for poor families to leave.
Pull factors for emigration of scots - letters from emigrants
Governments and companies abroad paid for Scots to emigrate, making it easier for poor families to leave.
Pull factors for emigration of scots - chance of a better life
Many Scots believed they could improve their standard of living and gain social mobility abroad, especially through land ownership.
Pull factors for emigration of scots - religious freedom
Some emigrants, such as members of the Free Church, were drawn to countries offering religious freedom and the chance to set up new communities
Pull factors for emigration of scots - education and social services
Some countries offered better schools and healthcare systems, which appealed to Scottish families looking for a better future for their children.
