PVD

Question 1

What is the normal GFR?

Answer 1

90-120

Question 2

What is the normal CRP and what is indicated with elevation?

Answer 2

<3; inflammation

Question 3

What is the normal homocysteine level?

Answer 3

<15

Question 4

Sodium restriction

Answer 4

<2400mg but 1500 is ideal

Question 5

How do diuretics work to decrease blood pressure?

Answer 5

They cause volume depletion, sodium excretion, and vasodilation of peripheral arterioles.

Question 6

Side effect of thiazides

Answer 6

Decreased libido in men

Question 7

What are three examples of diuretics?

Answer 7

Hydrochlorothiazide
Furosemide
Spironolactone

Question 8

How do calcium channel blockers work to decrease Bp?

Answer 8

Interfere with the movement of calcium ions across the membrane, slow the rate of contraction of the heart, and relax the smooth muscle of blood vessels resulting in vasodilation.

Question 9

What are 4 calcium channel blockers?

Answer 9

Amlodipine (grapefruit safe)
Diliazem
Nifedipine
Verapamil

Question 10

What are 3 examples of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 10

Benazepril
Captopril
Enalapril

Question 11

What are 2 angiotensin 2 receptor blockers?

Answer 11

Losartan

Valsartan

Question 12

What is a precaution of angiotensin 2 receptor blockers?

Answer 12

Avoid foods high in K

Question 13

What is an example of an aldosterone receptor agonist? What are side effects or precautions?

Answer 13

Eplerenone
Do not take with grapefruit juice or St. John’s wart.
Can cause low sodium and high potassium

Question 14

What do beta adrenergic blockers do?

Answer 14

Inhibit cardiac response to sympathetic nerve stimulation by blocking beta receptors thus reducing heart rate, cardiac output, and Bp.
Also inhibit the release of renin

Question 15

What are three beta blockers?

Answer 15

Propranolol
Metoprolol
Atenolol

Question 16

What are some precautions with beta blockers?

Answer 16

Orthostatic hypotension
Fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction
Caution in diabetics

Question 17

How do central alpha agonists work?

Answer 17

Stimulate receptors in brain stem resulting in reduced sympathetic outflow for CNS with a decrease in HR and peripheral vascular resistance. Very fast

Question 18

What is an example of a central alpha agonist?

Answer 18

Clonidine

Question 19

How do alpha adrenergic agents work?

Answer 19

Dilate the arterioles and veins. Works quickly

Question 20

What are two examples of alpha adrenergic agonists?

Answer 20

Prazosin

Doxazosin

Question 21

What is a side effect of ACE inhibitors?

Answer 21

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 22

Inflow disease

Answer 22

Affects the lower back, buttocks, or thighs (distal aorta and iliac arteries)

Question 23

Outflow disease

Answer 23

Causes cramping in the calves, ankles, and feet. More tissue damage. (Femoral and popliteal arteries)

Question 24

Which position helps PAD?

Answer 24

Dangle feet

Question 25

What would an arterial ulcer look like?

Answer 25

Even edges Defined Black toes Thick nails

Question 26

What would a venous ulcer look like?

Answer 26

Beefy red More surface area Ankle area

Question 27

How do you assess an ABI?

Answer 27

Divide the ankle Bp by the brachial Bp. | If difference is less than 0.9 they have PAD

Question 28

What is a normal PT?

Answer 28

11-13.5

Question 29

What is a normal INR?

Answer 29

0.8-1.1

Question 30

What are some antiplatelet aggregating agents? 3

Answer 30

Plavix Trental ASA

Question 31

What is a precaution for plavix?

Answer 31

No grapefruit

Question 32

What are signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock? (4)

Answer 32

Decrease Bp Increase pulse Doom Distinction

Question 33

What is the main concern of artherectomy?

Answer 33

Emboli

Question 34

What are the six P's of PAD?

Answer 34

``` Pain Pallor Pulselessness Parasthesia Paralysis Poikilothermia ```

Question 35

Virchows triad

Answer 35

Cause thrombus Stasis of blood Endothelial injury Hypercoagulability

Question 36

Antidote for heparin

Answer 36

Protamine sulfate

Question 37

Antidote for warfarin

Answer 37

Vitamin K

Question 38

What is the normal ptt?

Answer 38

25-35 sec

Question 39

What is the position for PVD?

Answer 39

Elevate legs

Question 40

Normal cholesterol

Answer 40

Less than 200

Question 41

HDL

Answer 41

Greater than it equal to 45

Question 42

LDL

Answer 42

Less than 130

Question 43

Normal triglycerides

Answer 43

Less than or equal to 160 in men | Less than 135 in women

Question 44

What could an increased homocysteine level mean?

Answer 44

Plaque buildup

Question 45

What are 3 bile acid binding resins to treat high cholesterol?

Answer 45

Cholestyramine Colestipol Colesevalem

Question 46

What should you monitor with Questran or cholestyramine?

Answer 46

Constipation

Question 47

What is a side effect of Niacin for cholesterol?

Answer 47

Hot flashes

Question 48

What is a precaution of the statins for cholesterol?

Answer 48

Do not give to liver patient Interacts with warfarin Increases liver enzymes

Question 49

What is considered HTN in people over 60?

Answer 49

150/90

Question 50

What is considered HTN for people under 60?

Answer 50

140/90