pyco 7 lastttt Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is stimulus generalization?
Question 1Answer
a.
The process where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
b.
Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
c.
The weakening of a conditioned response over time
d.
Responding differently to stimuli that are similar
b.
Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
In a Skinner box, what is the typical mechanism for a rat to receive reinforcement?
Question 2Answer
a.
Pressing a lever
b.
Remaining still for a period of time
c.
Finding its way through a maze
d.
Making a specific sound
a.
Pressing a lever
According to the law of effect, behaviors followed by satisfying consequences will:
Question 3Answer
a.
Be more likely to be repeated in the future
b.
Be less likely to be repeated in the future
c.
Require continuous reinforcement
d.
Be extinguished more quickly
a.
Be more likely to be repeated in the future
a.
Seeing, thinking, doing, receiving
b.
Watching, remembering, practicing, performing
c.
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
d.
Observation, imitation, reinforcement, learning
c.
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
On a fixed interval reinforcement schedule, how is behavior typically reinforced?
Question 5Answer
a.
After a set number of correct responses
b.
After a set amount of time has passed
c.
After an unpredictable number of responses
d.
After varying amounts of time have passed
b.
After a set amount of time has passed
In classical conditioning, what is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
Question 6Answer
a.
A stimulus that causes extinction
b.
A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
c.
A stimulus that naturally elicits a response
d.
A stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned response
b.
A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
Research on media violence and aggression suggests that:
Question 7Answer
a.
Viewing violence only affects children under the age of 10
b.
All researchers agree that violent media causes aggressive behavior
c.
There is no connection between viewing violent media and aggressive behavior
d.
Some studies have found a link between viewing violence and aggression in children
d.
Some studies have found a link between viewing violence and aggression in children
What occurs in the process of acquisition during classical conditioning?
Question 8Answer
a.
The organism demonstrates spontaneous recovery
b.
The conditioned response weakens
c.
The organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
d.
The conditioned stimulus is presented alone repeatedly
c.
The organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
In the Little Albert experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus?
Question 9Answer
a.
Little Albert’s crying
b.
The loud noise
c.
The white rat
d.
The rabbit and furry coat
c.
The white rat
What is learning defined as in the textbook?
Question 10Answer
a.
An innate behavior that organisms are born with
b.
A permanent change in behavior regardless of experience
c.
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience
d.
A reflexive response to environmental stimuli
c.
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience
In Pavlov’s experiments, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Question 11Answer
a.
The assistants’ footsteps
b.
The meat powder
c.
The tone of the bell
d.
The dogs’ salivation in response to the bell
b.
The meat powder
In operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?
Question 12Answer
a.
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
b.
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
c.
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
d.
Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
c.
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
What was the primary focus of John B. Watson’s behaviorism?
Question 13Answer
a.
Internal mental processes and unconscious motivations
b.
The biological basis of behavior
c.
Observable behavior that can be measured
d.
The cognitive aspects of learning
c.
Observable behavior that can be measured
How is extinction defined in classical conditioning?
Question 14Answer
a.
The initial period when an organism learns to connect stimuli
b.
The process of learning to discriminate between similar stimuli
c.
The decrease in conditioned response when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
d.
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period following extinction
c.
The decrease in conditioned response when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS
What type of learning occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment?
Question 15Answer
a.
Associative learning
b.
Reflexive learning
c.
Observational learning
d.
Instinctual learning
a.
Associative learning
Slot machines typically operate on which reinforcement schedule?
Question 16Answer
a.
Variable interval
b.
Fixed ratio
c.
Fixed interval
d.
Variable ratio
d.
Variable ratio
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
Question 17Answer
a.
Taking away a child’s toy when they misbehave
b.
Giving a child an extra chore when they talk back
c.
Taking away screen time when homework isn’t completed
d.
Giving a child a time-out when they hit their sibling
b.
Giving a child an extra chore when they talk back
How do instincts differ from reflexes?
Question 18Answer
a.
Reflexes are unlearned while instincts must be learned
b.
Instincts are simpler than reflexes
c.
Instincts are triggered by a broader range of events than reflexes
d.
Instincts involve more primitive centers of the central nervous system
c.
Instincts are triggered by a broader range of events than reflexes
What is latent learning?
Question 19Answer
a.
Learning that happens unconsciously during sleep
b.
Learning that occurs but is not observable until there is a reason to demonstrate it
c.
Learning that only occurs when reinforcement is provided
d.
Learning that fades if not regularly practiced
b.
Learning that occurs but is not observable until there is a reason to demonstrate it
Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
Question 20Answer
a.
Fixed ratio
b.
Fixed interval
c.
Variable interval
d.
Variable ratio
d.
Variable ratio
What is vicarious reinforcement in observational learning?
Question 21Answer
a.
When the observer is directly rewarded for imitating a model
b.
When the observer is punished for not imitating the model
c.
When the observer learns by practicing the behavior repeatedly
d.
When the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate
d.
When the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
Question 22Answer
a.
Rewarding an organism only after a set time interval
b.
Punishing behaviors that don’t match the desired outcome
c.
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
d.
Training an organism to perform increasingly complex behaviors
c.
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
Edward Tolman’s experiments with rats in mazes demonstrated:
Question 23Answer
a.
That learning is always observable in behavior
b.
That cognitive maps can be formed without immediate reinforcement
c.
That reinforcement must be immediate for learning to occur
d.
That rats learn faster than humans in spatial tasks
b.
That cognitive maps can be formed without immediate reinforcement
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
Question 24Answer
a.
Primary reinforcers are more effective than secondary reinforcers
b.
Secondary reinforcers work more quickly than primary reinforcers
c.
Primary reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities while secondary reinforcers don’t
d.
Secondary reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities while primary reinforcers don’t
c.
Primary reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities while secondary reinforcers don’t
