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Classes > Pysch (chapter 1 and 2) > Flashcards

Pysch (chapter 1 and 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

humans are born with no knowledge, it is all acquired through experience

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2
Q

Nativism

A

humans are born with the basic level of knowledge (innate)

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

the goal was to understand consciousness

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4
Q

structuralism

A

the break down of mental processes

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5
Q

introspection

A

analysis of subjective experience by trained observers

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6
Q

William James

A

first person to use a scientific approach to psychology

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7
Q

functionalism

A

the adaptive significance of mental processes

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8
Q

What did James believe?

A

He believed that natural selection has shaped the mind consciousness basically that the mind has evolved for a reason/purpose

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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

he believed that patients with hysteria and “nervous disorders” had repressed trauma that is expressing itself through the unconscious mind

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10
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

theory that emphasizes the influence of unconscious feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

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11
Q

pyschoanaylsis

A

accessing the unconscious

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12
Q

behaviorism

A

restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior

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13
Q

stimuli

A

any kind of environmental input

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14
Q

skinner box

A

principle of reinforcement

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15
Q

Principle of reinforcement

A

any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isn’t won’t

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16
Q

social psychology

A

the study of causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior

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17
Q

human development

A

ways people grow across the life span

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18
Q

developmental psychology

A

how people change across their life span

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19
Q

Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark

A

First African American male and female to ear PhD in experimental psychology from Columbia

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20
Q

Doll Experiment

A

got a group of children and asked them which doll they preferred, the black or white doll. They found that the children chose the white doll which led them to the conclusion that there is a development of self-consciousness and self-identity in Black preschool children. Was used in the Brown vs Board of Education

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21
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

study of cognitive processes

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22
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

study of the relations between brain and behavior to understand brain structures and functions that respond to experience and generate behavior

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23
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

relations between brain and cognition

24
Q

cultural psychology

A

study of how cultures reflect and shape psychological processes

25
Q

collectivism

A

value group harmony

26
Q

individualism

A

values the individual

27
Q

Confirmation bias

A

looking for things that back up your beliefs and ignoring anything that proves you wrong

28
Q

theories

A

hypothetical explanations of natural phenomena

29
Q

hypothesis

A

a falsifiable prediction made by a theory

30
Q

operational definitions

A

a measurable description of how a variable will be measured, observed, and or manipulated

31
Q

construct validity

A

evaluates whether the instrument used to test is truly measuring what it claimes to measure

32
Q

demand characteristics

A

When people act a certain way or answer in a way that they feel is what is expected although it is not true for them

33
Q

reducing demand characteristics

A

Privacy
involuntary behaviors
unawareness

34
Q

naturalistic observation

A

gather scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environment

35
Q

observer bias

A

When the observers expectations influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

36
Q

double blind study

A

A method used to avoid observer bias. It is when both the participant and the observer don’t know the conditions of the study

37
Q

correlation

A

how things are related

38
Q

experiment

A

used to determine if variables have a causal relationship

39
Q

positive correlation

A

both variables follow the same direction

40
Q

negative correlation

A

variables go in opposite directions

41
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated

42
Q

dependent variable

A

measured based on independent variable

43
Q

self selection

A

a problem that occurs when a participant chooses to engage in a study based on their own interests and prefrences

44
Q

random assigment

A

a procedure that assigns participants to a condition by chance

45
Q

internal validity

A

an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

46
Q

external validity

A

an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way

47
Q

random sampling

A

ensures every member of population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

48
Q

Belmont Report

A

made to give ethical guidelines to behavioral experiments

49
Q

Three principles

A

Justice
Beneficence
Respect for persons

50
Q

justice

A

distribute benefits and risks equally without prejudice towards individuals or groups

51
Q

Beneficence

A

attempt to maximize benefits and reduce risks

52
Q

Respect for persons

A

cannot coerce or influence participants

53
Q

risk benefit anaylsis

A

small risks are okay but big risks aren’t. Risks must be outweighed by benefits

54
Q

deception

A

don’t have to tell the details about what is being studied but cannot withhold any information about risks and harm

55
Q

debriefing

A

a verbal description of the true nature of the study

56
Q

confidentiality

A

keep personal information private and confidential

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