Pyschology/Sociology Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Learning perspective of language acquisition is based on
A
operant conditioning and language imitation
2
Q
Nativist perspective of language acquisition is based on
A
innate, biological determined, and genetically transmitted; language acquistion device; depends on critical and sensitive periods
3
Q
The critical period of language development is between the ages of
A
0-12
4
Q
The interactionist perspective of language acquisition is based on
A
interaction of biological and social factors; children learn by observing and imitating others
5
Q
James-Lange theory of emotion
A
dog->response->fear
6
Q
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
A
dog->response + fear
7
Q
Schater-Singer theory of emotion
A
dog->response->interpretation->fear
8
Q
Reduced need for sleep is a symptom of
A
mania; Bipolar disorder
9
Q
Null hypothesis means that there is
A
no significant difference between the variables being measures
10
Q
Weber’s law is based on the ratio
A
ΔI/I=K; the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio
11
Q
The absolute threshold is
A
The lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect at least half of the time
12
Q
The difference threshold is
A
The minimum difference between two stimuli that is detectable
13
Q
Three components to emotion
A
cognitive, behavioral, and physiological
14
Q
Cognitive components of emotion are
A
mental processes ex. thoughts, beliefs, expectations
15
Q
Behavioral components of emotions are
A
involuntary and automatic actions ex. smile, gasp
16
Q
Physiological components of emotion are
A
bodily processes ex. increased heart rate, respiration rate, sweating
17
Q
EEG measures
A
electrical signal
18
Q
MEG measures
A
magnetic fields
19
Q
PET measures
A
glucose metabolism
20
Q
fMRI measures
A
blood oxygenation
21
Q
Box and whisker plot does NOT provide information about the
A
median and mode
22
Q
Symbolic interactionism is micro/macro sociology
A
micro
23
Q
Escape learning is when
A
the current undesirable stimulus is removed
24
Q
Avoidance learning is when
A
the future undesirable stimulus is prevented
25
Prejudice is (cognitive/behavioral/physiological)
cognitive
26
Discrimination is (cognitive/behavioral/physiological)
behavioral, requires actions
27
Your self-concept is
beliefs about oneself including race, gender, ethnicity, talents, etc.
28
In the Mead theory of identity development, the me is
learned through interactions with others and the environment
29
In the Mead theory of identity development, the I is
response to the attitude of community
30
Power is
the ability to influence others
31
Authority is
whether others believe power is legitimate
32
Traditional authority is
based on longstanding patterns ex. monarch
33
Charismatic authority is based on
charming personality, extraordinary claims
34
Rational legal authority is based on
professional position
35
Top down processing is
when beliefs, ideas, and expectations guide perception
36
Bottom up processsing is when
sensory input guides processing
37
Normal memory decay is
exponential
38
Religiosity is
doctrine incorporated into all aspects of life
39
Religiousness is
degree to which a person internalizes a religion
40
Functionalism is attributed to
Durkheim, Parsons
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Conflict Theory is attributed to
Marx, Weber
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Symbolic Interactionism is attributed to
Cooley, Mead
43
Mass hysteria is
when fear and rumor spur similar behaviors (e.g. twitching, laughing)
44
A suicide cluster is an example of
imitation
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A preventative check
decreases birth rate
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A positive check
increases death rate
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a negative check
ISN'T REAL
48
Labeling theory states
people society labels as deviant are more likely to engage in deviant behavior
49
Avoidant attachment
little separation anxiety and a tendency to resist contact with the parent
50
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
Strong separation anxiety, coupled with a tendency to resist contact with the parent
51
Secure attachment
Some separation anxiety and seeking contact with the parent
52
Disorganized attachment
A confused infant-parent bond that is characterized by mixed separation anxiety and a tendency for the infant to resist and have a dazed behavior
53
The internal working model that sets expectations about self and others described in the study is an example of
a cognitive schema
54
a stage, usually in early development, when the individual is more receptive to learning from specific types of experiences (for instance, linguistic interaction) compared to later points in development.
a critical period
55
the novel realization of a solution to a problem
insight
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cognitive rules of thumb that offer shortcuts to reasoning and problem solving
heuristics
57
Which brain region is involved in memory encoding
hippocampus
58
Which brain region is involved in integration of sensory information
parietal lobe
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Which brain region is involved in executive function and decision making
prefrontal cortex
60
Which brain region is involved in emotional encoding
Amgydala
61
involves minimizing uncomfortable thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite
reaction formation
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involves creating a seemingly logical explanation for otherwise unacceptable behavior
rationalization
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when someone attributes unacceptable thoughts or behaviors within themself to another person
projection
64
involves shifting the focus of emotion from a less to more acceptable target
displacement
65
A 34-year-old man has had a series of brief relationships with several romantic partners, but has never established a close, intimate relationship with a partner. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which outcome best describes this example?
Isolation
66
In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is:
slower to acquire and more resistant to extinction
67
how a person's identity becomes based on a role the person assumes, superseding other roles
role engulfment
68
to the process of an individual taking up a new social role
role adjustment
69
difficulty managing one role
role strain
70
difficulty managing multiple roles
role conflict
71
Which condition provides the best example of medicalization?
Alcoholism
72
Which receptors are responsible for the color vision necessary to detect the food coloring described in the passage?
cones found mainly in the fovea of the eye
73
technologies are not independent from the societies in which they were created but rather have social factors like values built into them
social constructionism
74
According to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the:
I
75
An individual feels disconnected from the larger community.
anomie
76
From the perspective of conflict theory, which pair of factors would be assumed to have the greatest impact on patients’ relationships with their doctors?
power and status
77
involves the interference of information from long term memory with new information
proactive interference
78
since people with Alzheimers cannot commit new information to long term memory they cannot experience
proactive interference
79
refers to the objective social hierarchy in a society (according to social group characteristics)
social stratification
80
refers to the perpetuation of inequality through social institutions.
social reproduction
81
differential treatment of sociodemographic groups that is due to institutional culture or policies (rather than individual actions)
institutional discrimination
82
the evaluation of another culture using that other culture’s standards (norms and values) rather than one's own cultural standards.
cultural relativism
83
the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, both in the search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence.
confirmation bias
84
Confirmation bias has also been found to be stronger for
emotionally charged topics
85
formal group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted action to achieve a common purpose
organization
86
to the eventual disappearance of an acquired response following a series of trials in which a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus or an operant response is no longer followed by reward.
extinction
87
which is the return of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) or of an extinguished operant,
spontaneous recovery
88
associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (US), at which time the neutral stimulus automatically elicits the conditioned response (CR), which is very similar to the unconditioned response (UR)
classical conditioning
89
a behavioral response is shaped by presenting response-contingent consequences following the behavior, which either increases or decreases the frequency of the target behavior.
operant conditioning
90
involve the administration of a response contingent reward after a particular duration of time has elapsed
interval schedule
91
Repeating a sentence aloud while the target words are presented will engage the
phonological loop of working memory
92
Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way?
Mechanically
93
Olfaction and gustation involve ion channels that are gated in what way?
Chemically
94
Action potential propagation involves ion channels that are gated in what way?
Electrically
95
Short term memory capacity (magic number)
5-9, 7 plus or minus 2
96
a dissociative disorder where individuals cannot recall important autobiographical information, usually related to a trauma or stressor
dissociative amnesia
97
is a loss of memory for previously stored information, due to injury or neurological disease
retrograde amnesia
98
by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized or diminished speech or behavior
schizophrenia
99
characterized by impairments to voluntary motor or sensory function which are not due to a recognized neurological or medical condition
conversion disorder
100
schemas are associated with your implicit/explicit attitudes
implicit
101
Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?
hallucinogens
102
Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence?
emotional
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