PYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

Question 1

Plant chemical

Answer 1

Phytochemicals

Question 2

natural bioactive compounds found on different parts of a plant (leaves, roots, stem, flowers)

Answer 2

Phytochemical

Question 3

Organic cmpounds that are not directly ivolved in aplants growth, repoduction and development

Answer 3

Secondary Metabolites

Question 4

Four major classes in Secondar Metabolites:

Answer 4

• Terpenes
• Phenolics
• Polyketides
• Alkaloids

Question 5

• Based on isoprone molecule
• Essential oils, spices, flavorings (e.g. citronella, camphor, eucalyptus)

Answer 5

Terpenes

Question 6

• Oxygenated, derivatives of terpenes
• Contains -OH,C=O
• unsaturated

Answer 6

Terpenoids

Question 7

• derived from Phe and acetate metabolism
• contain flavan (C6-C3-C6) skeleton

Answer 7

Flavanoid

Question 8

Types of flavonoids

Answer 8

1. Flavonoid Skeleton
2. Catechins
3. Flavonois
4. Flavones

Question 9

• basic nitrogenated compounds
• largest class of secondary metabolites
• analgesis, narcotics, CNS stimulants, antimicrobials

Answer 9

Alkaloids

Question 10

Example of alkaloids

Answer 10

Morphine

Question 11

• sugar (glycone) + non-sugar (aglycone) molecule via a glycosidic bond

Answer 11

Glycosides

Question 12

Types of a glycosides

Answer 12

Salicin

Question 13

contains glc + salicyl alcohol

Answer 13

Salicin

Question 14

• steroids/ triterpoid glycosides
• used detergents
• forms froth when agitated in an aqueous solution.

Answer 14

Saponin

Question 15

Types of saponins

Answer 15

• Triterpenic Aglycone
• Steroidic Aglycone

Question 16

• these are polyphenols
• can react with and preciitate proteins
• tanning agent

Answer 16

Tannins

Question 17

types of tannins

Answer 17

1. Hydrolyzable
2. Condensed

Question 18

it can hydrolyzed by enzymes; phenolic acid + glc via ester linkage

Answer 18

Hydrolyzable

Question 19

Derivatives of flavonoids

Answer 19

Condensed

Question 20

Sample are ____ to reduced water content, so that the plant can be stored
- Plant has ______% moisture
- Must be dried right after harvest to avoid _____

Answer 20

dried
60-80%
deterioration

Question 21

Sample COllection: Drying Method

Answer 21

• Natural Drying (Sun-drying)
• Artificial

Question 22

Natural Drying (Sun-Drying) Disadvantage

Answer 22

Plants can be damage by the weather

Question 23

Two types of artificial

Answer 23

Cold-air drying
Warm-air drying

Question 24

use of fans that blows unheated air

Answer 24

Cold-air drying

Question 25

SAMPLE COLLECTION 1. Plants sample were ____ 2. Plant samples were ground to __________ 3. Addition of _______ ethanol immersing the plant sample. 4. Obtaining the _______ extract after serveral days. 5. Concentrating the ethanolic extract using _________

Answer 25

sun-dried fine particles 95% ethanol ehtanolic extract rotatry evaporator

Question 26

Phytochemical Screening - Test for alkaloids - (+): colored ppt (orange, red, yellow, or brown)

Answer 26

Dragendorff Test

Question 27

X-

Answer 27

Anions of acid

Question 28

Phytochemical Screening

Answer 28

- Test for glycosides with deoxysugars - acid hydrolysis of sugar-aglycone - (+): red-brown ring

Question 29

Phytochemical Screening - Test for steroids - (+): purple blue or blue-green solution

Answer 29

Liebermann-Burchard Test

Question 30

Phytochemical Screening - Test for glycosides with lactone ring - (+): purple color fading gradually to red-brown and white ppt

Answer 30

Kedde Test

Question 31

Phytochemical Screening - Test for glycosides with anthracene - (+): pink color in lower layer

Answer 31

Borntrager Tes

Question 32

Phytochemical Screening - Test for flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins - (+): red-purple color

Answer 32

Bate-Smith and Metcalf test

Question 33

Phytochemical Screening ✔ Test for saponins ✔ (+): ~2cm layer of froth ✔ Hydrophobic (fat-soluble) sapogenin + Hydrophilic (water-soluble) sugar

Answer 33

Froth Test

Question 34

Phytochemical Screening ✔ Test for tannins, phenolics ✔ (+): dark blue/black color

Answer 34

Ferric Chloride Test