Q&A Flashcards

Question

Function of dermis

Answer 1

Structural integrity, elasticity and resilience

Answer 2

Fibroblasts Blood vessels Specialised nerves

Answer 3

Physical barrier Innate immune system Adaptive immune system

Answer 4

to invaders; the morphological nature of the skin prevents easy access for many foreign pathogens. Further, secretions from the skin, including sebum and sweat, make the pH of the skin surface between 3 and 5, thus preventing microbial colonization

Answer 5

represents the body’s initial immune response to pathogen invasion. When tissues are invaded by foreign substances (pathogens), such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, the infected cells can communicate their distress through cellular signalling. This leads to mobilization of phagocytic cells, which circulate in the blood stream, and migrate to areas of tissue injury where they seek pathogens and destroy them. Typically, phagocytes are white blood cells (leukocytes), which function by engulfing the pathogen.

Answer 6

in many cases the immune system is not familiar with a pathogen and therefore relies on a more complex immune slower response called adaptive immunity. The pathogen antigen first must be processed and recognised by Langerhans cells. After capturing antigens in the epidermis, Langerhans cells migrate to lymph tissue where they present antigen to lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). * T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). * B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralise pathogens * T cells, called T helper cells, produce cytokines that direct immune response, while other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells, produce toxic granules that contain powerful enzymes which induce the death of pathogen infected cells.

Answer 7

Hair, nails and sebaceous glands

Answer 8

Structures consisting of hair , hair follicles, arrector pilli muscle and sebaceous glands

Answer 9

Protect the sensitive tips of fingers and tops of toes from injury

Answer 10

Axilla, forehead , palms and soles

Answer 11

When the body needs to loose heat

Answer 12

Environmental temperatures, UV light, emotional stress, increase in body temperature

Answer 13

Ultrafiltrate of plasma containing water, inorganic ions - nacl, proteins, latic acid and urea

Answer 14

Innermost layer of the skin of subcutaneous fat and its thickness varies in different regions of body

Answer 15

Adipocytes , act as a shock absorber and heat insulator , protecting underlying tissues from cold and mechanical trauma

Answer 16

Bacteria, fungi , mites and viruses

Answer 17

Protect against pathogens, modulate immune systems

Answer 18

Skin conditions such as eczema, dandruff, acne or dermatits

Answer 19

pH , sebum content, barrier function, hydration , climate , uv pollution, antibiotics, lifestyle factors - diet/hygiene/alcohol

Answer 20

Corynebacteria, Propionibacteria (acidic areas), and Staphylococci (moist areas)

Answer 21

physiological process of producing melanin, the light-absorbing pigment that is responsible for the human skin and hair colouration.

Answer 22

Melanocytes use a three-step “manufacturing” process to synthesise and disperse melanin throughout the skin: * Step 1: Activation; chemical signals coming from other cells in the skin cause the melanocyte to “activate tyrosinase and begin melanin synthesis. * Step 2: Synthesis; melanin is manufactured, “packaged” into containers called melanosomes, and relocated to the outer regions of tentacle-like projections of melanocytes called dendrites. * Step 3: Expression; melanin filled melanosomes are transferred from the ends of dendrites to keratinocytes for shipment to the surface of the skin. * Melanin accumulates in keratinocytes, where it ensures its photocarcinogenesis (cancer related to light) preventive role. * Melanin biosynthesis plays a crucial role in skin protection by shielding it from the effect of sunlight (particularly UV, but other wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are also linked to skin damage) and ion accumulation, as well as by reactive oxygen species (ROS) trapping, where melanin acts as an anti-oxidant.

Answer 23

How active melanocytes are How much melanin is synthesised How efficiently melanin filled melanosomes are transported to keratinocytes

Answer 24

Eumelanin provides the brown tones in the skin and is found more abundantly in darker complexions. It provides excellent protection from the sun by positioning itself at the top of the cell covering the nucleus, which is where the DNA is found. The melanin protects the DNA by absorbing oxygen radicals produced by UV radiation and prevents DNA damage that may lead to skin cancer. In blackskinned individuals, the abundant eumelanin protects the DNA and skin cancer is rare. * In persons with red hair and fair skin, the main melanin that is produced is phaeomelanin which is more reddish in colour than the brown eumelanin and accounts for the pink/orange skin colour and red hair. Phaeomelanin is less effective at protecting the DNA from sun damage and consequently persons with very fair complexions are more prone to skin cancers.

Answer 25

Hyperpigmentation phenomenon such as lentigo, melasma, pigmented freckles, and acne scars are characterised by the darkening of a skin area caused by the overproduction of melanin. * Hypopigmentation, on the contrary, corresponds to the loss of skin colour, caused by melanocyte or melanin depletion, or a decrease in L-Tyrosine. * Manifestations of photoageing appear to be greatly i

Answer 26

delicate and fragile, prone to inflammatory conditions like nappy/diaper rash.

Answer 27

Baby skin has a 30% thinner stratum corneum and 20-30% thinner epidermis, higher cell turnover rate in the epidermis, and lower water barrier function. The amount of lipids in baby skin is less than in adult skin, requiring careful formulation rules for baby skin care products. Harsh cleansers can easily affect the delicate skin barrier, allowing easy penetration of irritants and microbial infections.

Answer 28

Some of the same hormones that cause the body to change also cause the body to begin producing more sebum in the skin. * This increase in sebum is a contributing factor to oily skin and the development of acne.

Answer 29

Restrict the loss of water to external environment

Answer 30

Cause an increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in that water is lost faster than it can be replaced from the underlying tissues

Answer 31

Flaking, chapping and a feeling of roughness over skin surface and itchy

Answer 32

The skin cracks and becomes red and inflamed making it susceptible to infection from microorganisms

Answer 33

softness and pliability; a hydrated stratum corneum is flexible and pliable, while a dehydrated stratum corneum is rigid, dry and cracked

Answer 34

15% and 20% by weight. When the moisture content of the skin drops below 10%, it begins to feel “dry”.

Answer 35

Air conditioning Heat systems High winds Excessive sun exposure

Answer 36

Natural moisturising factor (NMF) Lipids

Answer 37

Amino acids Urea Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid Lactic acid Sugars Peptides

Answer 38

Mildness on skin

Answer 39

Increase activity of sebaceous glands, which overproduce excessive quantities of sebum

Answer 40

Triglycerides Free fatty acids Wax esters Squalene Cholesterol Esters

Answer 41

Genetic inheritance Hormonal change Diet Stress External agents - chemicals , U.V Puberty Menstrual cycle Oral contraceptives Pregnancy

Answer 42

Sebaceous filaments are target sites for acne. The pathophysiology of acne centres on interplay of follicular hyperkeratinisation, increased sebum production, action of Propionibacterium acnes

Answer 43

Acne begins when the sebaceous ducts become plugged with keratinocytes. Just as skin cells on the skin surface are constantly being sloughed off and renewed by the process of desquamation, corneocytes are sloughed off the skin inside the pore as well. When sebum and corneocytes get trapped in the narrow opening of the pore, this can cause cells to clump and form a comedone. * Comedones may be microscopic or evident to the eye as blackheads or whiteheads. * Sebum can build up and distend the follicle, and P. acnes proliferates in the sebum. The body responds by sending lymphocytes and phagocytic cells to fight P. acnes and consequently the skin becomes inflamed with pustules, papules, nodules, and/or cysts

Answer 44

Hereditary factors External factors - climate, U.V exposure, water, alkalis , solvents, skin peels

Answer 45

Redness , swelling, scaling , tight, itch

Answer 46

Scalp condition where visibly excessive scalp scaling

Answer 47

skin shedding is abnormal, and more regular than usual skin on the scalp can produce excess sebum, which causes the growth of a fungus known as Malassezia (previously known as Pityosporum) This fungal species feeds on sebum and secretes certain lipids that affect the stratum corneum, causing the cells to be irritated and shed off more rapidly than it can regenerate. * Dead skin cells build up on the scalp, stick together, and then break off into larger, more visible flakes

Answer 48

using anti-fungal active ingredients such as Zinc Pyrithione, Coal Tar and Selenium Sulfide

Answer 49

physiological answer of the body to exogenous (external, such as UV light, heat, cold, acids, or bacterial attack) or endogenous (internal, such as an immune reaction) stimuli.

Answer 50

Redness Odema Heat Pain

Answer 51

initiation phase, amplification phase, and repairing phase

Answer 52

Cytokines play a key role in inflammatory processes. Cytokines are chemical mediators secreted by activated cells that affect other cells, usually by binding to cell-surface receptors to modulate activity, including stimulation or inhibition of cell secretion, division and migration

Answer 53

Impaired proliferation, differentiation, desquamation and apoptosis of keratinocytes Slow replacement of lipids Flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction Decrease and heterogeneity of melanocytes Decrease of Langerhans cells Reduction of dermis thickness, decrease of fibroblasts Atrophy of the extracellular matrix Reduction and disintegration of collagen and elastic fibers, deposition of exogenous substances Reduction of skin microvasculature Decrease of sebaceous glands, sweat glands Thinning of subcutaneous fat Reduction of nerve endings

Answer 54

Disturbed barrier function Decrease in surface contact area, increased risk of separation by shearing forces Greying of hair, age spots Diminished skin immune function Reduced strength and resiliency Reduced strength and resiliency Sensitisation to deformational forces, fine wrinkle formation Disturbed thermoregulation and supply with nutrients Decreased lipid and sweat production Reduced insulation and energy production Disturbed sensory function

Answer 55

intrinsic factors (genetically programmed changes) and extrinsic ageing caused by environmental factors, in particular UV-light exposure. exogenous factors are exposure to cigarette smoke, airborne particulate matter (pollution), infrared radiation, ozone and malnutrition.

Answer 56

Results in photoageing UV radiation can cross the epidermis and reach the upper dermis where it interacts with cellular chromophores, leading to DNA damage and increased oxidative stress. * The biological effects of UV-radiation are based on light absorption in chromophores and the subsequent conversion of energy in chemical reactions. * Short wave UVB is mainly absorbed in the epidermis, generating DNA-damage by forming photocarcinogenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). * UVA-light is absorbed by cellular chromophores, such as urocanic acid, melanin precursors and riboflavin. * These light-exposed chromophores generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, which damage lipids, proteins and DNA

Answer 57

Wrinkles * Rough skin texture * Uneven skin tone * Skin dullness * Visible pores * Blotches and age spots * Skin dryness

Answer 58

depressions in the skin’s surface that may be classified as either coarse or fine, depending on their depth occur because of a reduction in muscle mass and skin thickness. This is accompanied by a loss of elasticity and a restructuring of the dermal collagen and elastin along with dehydration of the stratum corneum

Answer 59

solar lentigo lesions , melanocytes tend to cluster together resulting in patches of pigmentation. UV light stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin. UV light can also penetrate the skin and damage melanocyte DNA, which can stimulate melanocytes to enlarge and cluster together.

Answer 60

Constricting blood vessels, limiting the amount of oxygen and other nutrients skin receives. * Dehydrating the stratum corneum, leading to dry skin. * Depleting levels of antioxidants, which are necessary to neutralise skin damaging free radicals. * Decreasing skin firmness and increasing skin sagging. * Interfering with the ability of fibroblasts to manufacture collagen and the extracellular matrix, the structural framework for skin that is vital for repairing skin injuries. * Affecting the body’s immune system, increasing the chance of developing skin cancer

Answer 61

extrinsic skin ageing.

Answer 62

Incorporate adequate levels of antioxidants. * Have a gentle cleansing action to remove grime. * Aim to balance the natural oil levels of the skin. * Strengthen the barrier function of the skin. * Provides good moisturising properties. * Normalise skin pH by ensuring that the pH of the product is in the range 4-6.5, like that of skin

Answer 63

flattening of the dermal papillae which is accompanied by a decrease in dermal-epidermal cohesion which results in an easier separation of the two layers in ageing skin as well as, a decrease in the connecting surface area. This loss of surface area may lead to increased fragility of the skin and less nutrient transfer between dermis and epidermis.

Answer 64

reduction in the number of melanocytes; there is a decline of 6-8% per decade after age 30, which accounts for the lighter skin colour with ageing and a diminished protective capacity against UV exposure decline in the number of melanocytes is similar for both sun protected and exposed tissue. The reduction in melanin along with impaired melanosome transfer into keratinocytes, accounts for the mottled pigmentation so characteristic of photoaged skin a reduction in moisture content of the stratum corneum as skin ages. This is most likely due to a reduction in the stratum corneum lipids which results in an inefficient ability to bind and retain water.

Answer 65

Fibroblasts, the cells responsible for the biosynthesis of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans including hyaluronic acid, degenerate, slowing down production of new protein and glycosaminoglycans which may account for the overall dermal atrophy in aged skin and its inability to repair itself as quickly

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