Q and A Flashcards by Ronah Nieza Ann Dampios

Functions of the Digestive system

□ingestion and mastication
□propulsion and mixing
□digestion and secretion
□absorption
□elimination

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Complex set of organs, glands and ducts that work together to transform food into nutrients for cells

Digestion system

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Continuous membrane which lines that abdominal cavity and cover abdominal organs

Peritoneum

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2 types of peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

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A serous membrane that covers the organs

Visceral peritoneum

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A serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

Parietal peritoneum

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Specific associated organs if the digestive system’s

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas

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Empthy into the oral cavity

Salivary glands

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Empthy in to the small intestine

Pancreas

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Digestive tract of gastrointestinal tract consist of

1.The oral cavity, or mouth
2.The pharynx, ir throat
3.The esophagus
4.The stomach
5.The small and large intestines
6.The anus

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4 major tunics of the digestive tract

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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Is the innermost tunic

Mucosa

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Lies just outside the mucosa

Submucosa

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Lies outside the submucosa

Muscularis

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Outermost layes of digestive tract

Serosa

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(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY: TEETH)
The hardest while outer part of the tooth

Enamel

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(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY: TEETH)
The hardest while outer part of the tooth

Enamel

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(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY: TEETH)
the softer, living inner structure of teeth

Pulp

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(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY:TEETH)
A layer of connective tissues that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone

Cementum

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(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY: TEETH)
tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw

Periodontal ligament

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(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY: TEETH)
tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw

Periodontal ligament

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Each tooth consists of three regions

Crown
Neck
Root

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Visible portion of the tooth

Crown

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Small region between the crown and the root

Neck

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Anchors in it the bone of the maxillae and mandible

Root

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY:lips, cheeks and tongue) Is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity

Tongue

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY;lips ,cheeks and tongue) The anterior attachment of the tongue to the floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissues

Frenulum

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY:TEETH) a layer underlying the enamel

Dentin

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY;lips ,cheeks and tongue) It forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity

Cheeks

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY;lips ,cheeks and tongue) Located within the cheeks are called

Buccinator

Is a general term referring to the serous membrane attached to the abdominal organs

Mesentery

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY;lips ,cheeks and tongue) are muscular structure, formed mostly by the orbicularis orris muscle

Lips

The mesentery associated with the small intestine

Mesentery proper

The mesentery connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm

Lesser omentum

The mesentery connecting the greater curvalure of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall

Greater omentum

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY; TEETH) Roof of the oral cavity,separates the oral cavityfrom the nasal cavity and prevent food from oassing into the nasal cavity chewing and swallowing.

Palate

2 types of palate

Hard palate - anterior part Soft palate - posterior part

Normal adult mouth has

32 teeth

The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws

Incisors (8 total teeth)

The pointed teeth just outside the incisors

Canines(4 total teeth)

Teeth between the canines and molars

Premolars(8 total teeth)

Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food

Molars(8 total teeth)

Erupt at around age 18

Wisdom teeth(4 total teeth)

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY;Teeth) Is a posterior extension of the soft palate

Uvula

(ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY: teeth) Are located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity

Tonsils

Swallowing divided into 3 phases:

□The voluntary phase - known as buccal □The pharnygeal phase -a rapid phase □The esophageal phase -an autonomous process

A mixture of serous and mucous fluid

Saliva

3 major pairs of salivary glands

□Parotid glands - serous gland located □submandibular glands -produce more srous than mocucous secration □sublingual glands -produce primarily mucous secretion

Stomach 4 regions

CARDIA- 1st part of stomach FUNDUS- is a dom-shaped PYLORUS - connects the stomach to duodenum PYLORIC SPHINCTER -regulates the passage of chyme into the duodenum

As food enters the stomach, the food is mixed with stomach secretions to become a semifluid mixture called

Chyme

Stomach secretions from the gastric glands include 4 subtances

Hydrochloric Pepsin Mucus Intrinsic factor

Kills microorganism and activates the enzyme, pepsin

Hydrochloric acid

Digest proteins found in ingested food

Pepsin

Forms a thick layer, which lubricates the epithelial cells of the the stomach wall and protects them from damaging

Mucus

Binds with vit. B12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine

Intrinsic factor

Absorbtion of nutrients and 6m long

Small intestine

3 parts of small intestine

□Duodenum - located between the stomach and the middle part s. Intestine □Jejunum -to absorb sugars, amino acids and fatty acids □Ileum -absorbs the remaining nutrients that did not absorbed by duodenum and jejunum

The site where the ileum connects to the L. Intestine

Ileocecal junction

Secretions from the mucosa of the s. Intestine contain mainly;

Mucus Ions Water

2 major enzyme groups of the epithelial cells in the walls of the s. Intestine

□Peptidases - digest proteins □Disaccharidases - digest small sugars, specifically disaccharidases

An organ of the digestive and edocrine system(dual roles)

Pancreas

Produces enzymes that help to digest food particularly protein

Exocrine pancreas

The major protein enzymes are:

Typsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase

Digest starch for energy acquisition

Pancreatic amylase

Lipid-digesting enzyme

Lipase

Degrade DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides

Nucleases

Primary functions of LIVER

1. Bile production 2. Vitamin and mineral storage 3. Dexification of blood 4. Helps metabolize proteins 5. Absorption of bilirubin 6. Albumin production

Bile productions 3 types

□Bile - complex solution that contains bile salt □Bilirubin - a bile pigment which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin □bile salts - emulsify lipids , if the amount of cholesterol secreted by the liver becomes excessive and is not able to be dissolved by the bile could resul GALLSTONE

2 sources that suplies blood to the liver

Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein

Deliver oxygenated blood to the liver

Hepatic artery

Carries nutrients-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver

Hepatic portal vein

Is an extented accessory digestive gland that is found retroperitoneally

Pancreas

Largest internal organ of the body

Liver

Liver Consists of 4 lobes

Left lobe Right lobe Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe

A connective tissue septum that separates the left and right lobes

Falciform ligament

Are small islands of cells that produce hormones that regulate blood glucose level

Islet of langerhans

Makes the hormone insulin, which helps control blood sugar levels

Endocrine pancreas

A straight muscular tube

Rectum

Serves as a channel connecting to rectum

Anal canal

Proximal end of the large intestine

Cecum

4 parts of L. Intestine

Cecum Colon Rectum anal canal

Begins in the stomach

Absorption

2 type of digestion

□Mechanical digestion - breaks large food □Chemical digestion -uses enzymes to break

Functions of L. Intestine

□recovery of water and electrolytes □formation and storage of feces □fermentation of some of the indigestible food matter by bacteria

The largest part of the L. Intestine

Colon

4 parts of the colon

The ascending colon The transverse colon The descending colon The sigmoid colon

4 parts of the colon

The ascending colon The transverse colon The descending colon The sigmoid colon