Q1 Notes

Question 1

order of development

Answer 1

prenatal(conception to birth), infancy(birth to 12 months), toddlerhood(12-36 months), early childhood(3-6), middle childhood(6-10), adolescence(10-18)

Question 2

nomothetic

Answer 2

general description of species
wide lens

Question 3

ideographic

Answer 3

unique description of individuals

Question 4

sampling error

Answer 4

weakness of the research study
often the research is not representative of the group that the results are meant for

often over-represent white, middle-class
(WEIRD - western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic)

Question 5

validity

Answer 5

actually measuring the construct you are trying to measure
are we really testing what we are trying to test?
may be invalid due to biases - how they grew up/information they already know

validity can lead to a measurement error within a research study

Question 6

reliability

Answer 6

reliable - getting results that hover around the true value

unreliable - not getting the precise score each time - comes from an error in administration or scoring of the test
can also be unreliable also from the context of the test - when/where it is done, time of day

unreliability can lead to measurement error in a research study

Question 7

bias

Answer 7

often experimenters have an idea of what they think will happen, so they begin to look for it to happen(confirmation bias)
- can affect acceptance into academic research article

Question 8

misinterpretation of correlational data

Answer 8

correlation does not mean causation
correlation can range from 0-1(1 being perfect correlation)

problematic: the confounding variables that affect both of the variables we are looking at
ex. parents wanting smart babies may buy the baby einstein videos but will also put their kid in private schools

also can’t tell which way the relationship is going

to fix this problem: need to do an actual experiment - can do random assignment to a experimental group and control group(could do nothing or do something else similar)

this affects academic research articles and popular press reports

Question 9

sensationalization

Answer 9

used to sell copies or to get clicks/likes
can often be misleading

Question 10

nature vs. nurture

Answer 10

nature - Plato, the biology of a person
nurture - Aristotle, the env(physical and social) children are exposed to as they grow up

Question 11

nativism

Answer 11

knowledge is innate and is all in you when you are born and unfolds as you mature
domain-specific modules within the brain
maturation is the sole developmental force

Question 12

empiricism

Answer 12

following Aristotle, John Locke
mind is a blank slate
basic senses and domain-general learning
environmental experience is sole developmental force

Question 13

domain general learning

Answer 13

comes from empiricism
fundamental framing seen in all types of learning
includes: associative learning, transition probabilities, operant conditioning

examples: accessing memories, keeping track of associations, and focusing attentions
(think about things that you would need to access in order to all of these 4 things: read, do math problems, play chess, and socialize with friends)

Question 14

associative learning

Answer 14

keep track of regularities in the environment
experiences that regularly co-occur, we tend to associate them together and the more we see it, the stronger it becomes

infants use this very often for learning, trying to learn the order of speech stream - transitional probabilities

Question 15

transitional probabilities

Answer 15

how likely you are going to here one sound after another

PRE 80% chanced followed by TTY 0.02% chance this is followed by BABY because a lot of things can go after T

Question 16

operant conditioning

Answer 16

tend to repeat behavior with positive reward
tend to reduce behavior with negative punishment

Question 17

limitations of empiricism

Answer 17

overabundance of information problem: if the infant is a blank slate, then how do they know how to link/organize all of the information in their brain

how do they figure out what to focus on/how to make sense of it

Question 18

limitations of nativism

Answer 18

how do we know it’s innate
- are we born with it? (looking at how we have universality - all prefer mothers’ voice, and differentiation - all babies show dif emotion profiles)
these could all be because we have had similar/different other experiences either in our out of utero

• skill emerges without relevant experience?
  or is it that other factors that we aren’t recognizing are leading to the skill that the child is experiencing
• strongly linked to genetics
  looking at genetic disorders to see how some mutations may have a role in some developmental problems
  looking at identical twins - nature vs. nurture, hard to study because you would have to separate the twins which is unethical - does happen in some adoptive situations

*transactional interplay of nature and nurture
*genetics affects phenotype, phenotype affects interaction with the environment, the environment then affects the phenotype

Question 19

teratogen

Answer 19

environmental factors that can cause harm during prenatal development
- thalidomide: med for morning sickness, led to underdeveloped limbs

Question 20

neonatal abstinence syndrome

Answer 20

teratogen = opioids
newborns are opioid addicted - born in withdrawal
begin their life going cold turkey

Question 21

fetal assault laws

Answer 21

mothers charged with crime if babies born with drugs found in their system
could either go to jail or rehab - most chose rehab(problem - lack of center, insurance, going cold turkey during pregnancy is dangerous for mom and baby)
lack of research of long-term effects of drugs on babies later in life(lots of confounding factors)

Question 22

nicotine

Answer 22

teratogen
low birth-weight, cognitive deficits(attention/learning), mood disorders(depression/anxiety)

Question 23

alcohol

Answer 23

teratogen
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome spectrum
- growth decrease, facial anamolies, CNS dysfunction(microcephaly, thin corpus callosum, malformed dendritic spines), trouble with intellectual development(memory, attention, self-regulation), academic success, social relationships, job success, + delinquency

amount of alcohol matters - dose-response relationship
- FAS is a spectrum

timing matters
- whatever is developing at that time is what’s affected
- CNS is developed throughout the entire pregnancy

Question 24

why do 10% of women still drink during pregnancy

Answer 24

• triggers/addiction
• not knowing they’re pregnant
• lack of information(alcohol so imbedded in our culture)
• disbelief of information
• adversity and addiction

Question 25

chemicals and pollutants

Answer 25

teratogen ex. - lead leads to IQ decrease greatest exposure is lead-based paint which is mainly gone except in low-income communities

Question 26

taxoplasmosis

Answer 26

teratogen(maternal health: disease) mothers get if from cat litter causes malformation of eyes, premature births

Question 27

zika

Answer 27

teratogen(maternal health: disease) causes microcephaly

Question 28

malnourishment

Answer 28

teratogen(maternal health: disease) causes low birth weight lack of folic acid - spina bifida lack of iodine - goiter

Question 29

fetal learning(what begins when)

Answer 29

habituate to light and sound by the fourth month - can tell bc the first time they experience it the HR will go up, but the second time it won't go up as much --> remember it remember stories read to them in last trimester - mothers read cat in the hat for 6 months, tested when babes are born by testing their sucking pattern - adjusted it to hear their mother speaking more taste shaped in utero by what the mother eats - seen with carrots

Question 30

epigenetics

Answer 30

experience can change how DNA is expressed - doesn't actually change the DNA, just what is strongly expressed in the phenotype (acetylation vs. methylation) environmental factors surrounding parents(stress/diet) affect what parts of the genome are expressed ex. fathers who drank before conceiving a child were more likely to have children with FAS-like effects, even when the mother didn't drink at all - could be caused by an epigentic effect from the alcohol in the sperm

Question 31

premature birth

Answer 31

born 3 or more weeks early occurs in around 12% of births worldwide(depends on area)

Question 32

causes of premature birth

Answer 32

teratogens: nicotine, alcohol, opioids health of the mother: young, diabetes, stress, overweight, malnourished multiple births: many babies in the womb at the same time race: 50% more likely among black women compared to white woman

Question 33

gestational age

Answer 33

start date of last period to birth survival rate depends on the gestational age

Question 34

premature survival rates

Answer 34

born within 4 weeks of normal term(40 weeks) - very little chance of dying 28 weeks - 6% mortality rate 24 weeks - 40% mortality rate - US age of viability steep increase of mortality rate after 24 weeks depends on gestational age, weight(smaller babies have a higher mortality rate), and gender+race(black girls have highest survival rate, white boys have lowest survival rate)

Question 35

U.S. age of viability

Answer 35

24 weeks

Question 36

premature baby areas of concern

Answer 36

underdeveloped digestive system lack of fat - hard to control body temperature weak immune system underdeveloped lungs -before 28 weeks: alveoli don't have elasticity - can't take in O2 well - possibility of hypoxia(lack of O2 in the brain), harms brain development IVH: intra-ventricular hemorrhaging, bleed that leaks and fills the ventricles, causing pressure in surrounding tissue - babies small for their gestational age impacted a lot by this - when this happens matters - what in the brain is developing is what will be impacted

Question 37

short-term effects of premature birth

Answer 37

more time spent crying disrupted sleep patterns(extreme) weak muscles --> feeding problems sensory deficits(especially vision since that develops very late)

Question 38

long-term effects of premature birth

Answer 38

high-prevalence/low severity cognitive outcomes

Question 39

micro-preemies

Answer 39

born on cusp of viability(right under 24 weeks in the US) should doctors intervene? no: high likelihood of death or serious long-term disability, extreme stain on infant and family, financial costs yes: ambiguity of gestational age, possibility of outcomes, inability to judge impact of disability on quality of life

Question 40

kangaroo care

Answer 40

often used for micropreemies skin-to-skin contact can improve O2, feeding, development, and relationship with parents

Question 41

breastmilk

Answer 41

high in fat and protein highly digestible transfers antibodies to infant supports cognitive development most important for preemies, but they are the hardest to breastfeed --> trouble latching and underdeveloped digestive system

Question 42

biological constraints (motor development)

Answer 42

some sort of genetic programming to develop how we do - we think this bc most children hit all of the same milestones - there is normal variability from these milestones(some kids skip crawling all together)

Question 43

motor delays

Answer 43

first prediction to problems(cerebral palsy, autism, william's syndrome) ex. expected movements: laying down - head in midline, antigravity of arms and legs, can lift pelvis, plays with toys in antigravity sitting up - good back extension, head in midline, sitting up right standing - bear weight on flat feet, stand straight, some leg movement motor delays: lack of symmetry, overextension, can't sit up straight, can't be in antigravity conformation motor delays can indicate problems, but they don't always, some problems resolve themselves, and many really respond to early intervention

Question 44

environmental impact (motor development)

Answer 44

motor development is affected by parenting attitude, childbearing practices, sleeping position, + clothing sleeping on back to prevent SIDS but delayed other milestones(decreases growth in neck strength) tribes in Kenya - run babies through physical exercises, sit/stand 1-2 months earlier than other babies clothing - bulky cloth diapers slow down walking about 2 months disposable decreases this milestone by about 1 month

Question 45

dynamic challenges of action (motor development)

Answer 45

motor development relies heavily on cognitive development and function specific environmental contexts change - child needs to be constantly adapting to thoughts and body children's bodies are constantly changing (ex. spacial reach of limbs) need to adapt to new problems: new locations, textures, slopes - how do I move across this and stay stable?

Question 46

systematic modes of action

Answer 46

lying --> sitting sitting --> crawling crawling --> walking when you change from one to the other, different muscles are recruited + a whole new environment is opened up good transfer in motion abilities across contexts(surfaces) once a child learns how to adapt within a particular systematic mode of action poor transfer across systematic modes of action even with the same context(don't understand gaps when they switch from seated to crawling) ex. children who understand their boundaries w/ sitting have to relearn for crawling

Question 47

crawling vs. walking

Answer 47

walking is better because allows for more interaction bc hands are free --> often leads to richer conversations with adults walking expends less energy over longer distances on average: 2.368 steps, 701 m, 17 falls/1 hr

Question 48

long-term importance of milestones

Answer 48

motor development milestones often correlate with cognitive skills

Question 49

fine motor skills

Answer 49

ability to manipulate objects move arm in space and interact with object - grasp - manipulate - coordinate with other arm - bang objects together video - babies given sticky mittens to see what it's like to pick things us - brought it right up to their mouths - has broad implications to developmental psychology

Question 50

motor development (4 e's)

Answer 50

embodied - constrained by child's physical body embedded - actions taking place in an environment/context encultured - guided by attitude, expectations, and child care practices around you enabling - motor development allows for other areas of development