Q2 Bio - Biomolecules

Question 1

Four categories of Macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Question 2

Why is Carbon the central element?

Answer 2

• Has 4 outer shell electrons, therefore its bonding capacity is great
• Very stable once bound to other elements

Question 3

True or False

All biomolecules contain a Carbon chain or ring

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Carbon binds to what group in sugars?

Answer 4

OH Groups

Question 5

Carbon binds to what group in Amino Acids?

Answer 5

NH2 Groups

Question 6

Carbon binds to what groups of nucleotides of DNA, RNA, and ATP?

Answer 6

H2PO4 Groups

Question 7

Carbonyl is characterized by

Answer 7

Carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O)

Question 8

Hydroxyl is characterized by

Answer 8

Covalent bond between one H and one O atom

Question 9

Carboxyl is characterized by

Answer 9

Two functional groups attached to a single C atom, namely, Hydroxyl and Carbonyl

Carboxyl is COOH

Question 10

Amino group is characterized by

Answer 10

A single N atom bonded to two H atoms

Question 11

Sulfhydryl is characterized by

Answer 11

an S atom bonded to an H atom

Question 12

Phosphate is characterized by

Answer 12

a Phosphorus atom bonded to four Oxygen atoms, with three single bonds and one double bond

Question 13

Methyl group is characterized by

Answer 13

a Carbon atom bonded to three Hydrogen atoms

Question 14

Isomers

Answer 14

Compounds with the same formula but different structures

Question 15

Structural Isomer

Answer 15

Isomers with a difference in the C skeleton structure

Question 16

Stereoisomer

Answer 16

Isomers with a difference in the location of functional groups

Question 17

Enantiomers

Answer 17

Special types of stereoisomers which are mirror images of each other

Question 18

How are monomers made into polymers?

Answer 18

Monomers are made into polymers through the loss of a water molecule which is called a condensation reaction, specifically dehydration reaction.

Question 19

How are polymers broken down into monomers?

Answer 19

Polymers are broken down into monomers through gaining water molecules called hydrolysis reaction

Question 20

These are macromolecules that speed up the dehydration reaction process

Answer 20

Enzymes

Question 21

• These are simple sugars
• Only one 3-C, 5-C, 6-C chain or ring involved

Answer 21

Simple sugars or monosaccharides

General Formula: Multiples of CH2O

Question 22

• Double sugars
• Two 6-C chains or rings bonded together

Answer 22

Disaccharides or double sugars

Question 23

The most common monosaccharide

Answer 23

Glucose C6H12O6

Question 24

Storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

Answer 24

Starch

Surplus starch is stored as granules w/in chloroplasts & other plastids

Question 25

A polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

Answer 25

Cellulose

Question 26

A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods * Also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

Answer 26

Chitin

Question 27

Biomolecule composed of chains of amino acids

Answer 27

Proteins

Question 28

How many amino acids exist?

Answer 28

20

Question 29

What are in amino acids?

Answer 29

* Central Carbon * Amine group * Carboxyl group * R group

Question 30

What makes amino acids distinct from each other?

Answer 30

Their respective R groups

Question 31

What binds amino acids?

Answer 31

* Peptide bonds * COOH group binds to the NH2 group of another amino acid through dehydration reaction

Question 32

# Protein Function Enzyme Catalyst

Answer 32

Decreases the activation energy for a chemical reaction * specific for one reaction

Question 33

# Protein Function Defense

Answer 33

antibodies, bind to very specific foreign molecules to neutralize and tag them for recognition of defensive cells

Question 34

# Protein Function Transport

Answer 34

Hemoglobin: found in rbc, transfers oxygen from lungs to tissues Myoglobin: found in striated muscles, supplies oxygen to muscle cells (myocytes) Transferrin: blood-plasma glycoprotein responsible for ferric-ion delivery

Question 35

# Protein Function Support

Answer 35

Keratin: helps form hair, nails, and epidermis Fibrin: for blood clot contraction or retraction Collagen: structural support to the extracellular space of connective tissues

Question 36

# Protein Function Motion

Answer 36

Actin/myosin: muscle contraction

Question 37

# Protein Function Regulation

Answer 37

some hormones, regulatory proteins on DNA, cell receptors

Question 38

# Protein Function Storage

Answer 38

biological reserves of iron and amino acids

Question 39

7 Functions of Proteins

Answer 39

* Enzyme catalysts * Defense * Transport * Support * Motion * Regulation * Storage

Question 40

Four levels of protein structure

Answer 40

* Primary * Secondary * Tertiary * Quaternary

Question 41

Primary Structure of Proteins

Answer 41

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Question 42

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Answer 42

* refers to local folded structures that form within a polypeptide * alpha helix and beta pleated sheet (most common types)

Question 43

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

Answer 43

* overall 3D structure of a polypeptide * forms due to interactions between R groups * entire length of amino acids folded into a shape

Question 44

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Answer 44

* multiple polypeptide chains * single polypeptides only have three levels. the quaternary structure is obtained upon the coming together of multiple polypeptides

Question 45

What does each nucleotide in DNA contain?

Answer 45

* 5-C Sugar (deoxyribose) * Phosphate * Nitrogen Base (AGCT)

Question 46

Lipids

Answer 46

* hydrophobic biomolecules * central core of glycerol * bound to up to 3 fatty acid chains

Question 47

Bonds between glycerol and each fatty acid chain

Answer 47

Ester bonds (through dehydration)