Q2: Pathology (Review of Clark Lectures)

Question 1

Primary gait deviations

Answer 1

caused by a direct factor

Question 2

Secondary gait deviations

Answer 2

caused in order to compensate for a primary deviation

Question 3

Gait deviations from Steppage Gait

Answer 3

Primary - Foot Drop (Paralytic Equinas)
Secondary - Excessive knee and hip flexion

Question 4

Gait deviations from Plantarflexor Paralysis

Answer 4

Primary - Uncontrolled tibial progression
Secondary - shortened contralateral step

Question 5

CP - Etiology (congenital)

Answer 5

85-90% are due to congenital problems (mostly idiopathic)

placenta detachment
uterine rupture
disrupted oxygen supply

Question 6

CP - Etiology (acquired)

Answer 6

infection: meningitis or encephalitis
TBI: MVA or abuse

reduced blood flow to brain

Question 7

CP - (T/F) Cerebral Palsy is progressive and gets worse with time

Answer 7

False

Question 8

CP - Four Types

Answer 8

spastic
ataxic
athetoid
mixed

Question 9

CP - Spastic

Answer 9

most common
70-80% of diagnosed cases
hypertonia
spasticity
joint stiffness
damage to the cerebral cortex

Question 10

CP - Ataxic

Answer 10

occurs in 10% of diagnosed cases
difficulty with balance
poor muscle coordination
cognitive functioning impairment
hypotonia
damage to cerebellum

Question 11

CP - Athetoid

Answer 11

dyskinetic
5% of cerebral palsy diagnoses
hypo and hypertonia combination
postural impairments
motor functioning difficulties
poor/uncontrolled movements
damage to basal ganglia

Question 12

CP - Mixed

Answer 12

combination of 2 or more CP types

damage occurs in multiple areas of brain

Question 13

CP - Measurement of Motor Function Scale

Answer 13

Gross Motor Function Classification

Question 14

CP - Measurement of Communication Impairment System

Answer 14

Communication function classification system

Question 15

CP: LL Ox Intervention

Answer 15

Foot orthoses
SMOs
AFOs
FRAFOs
Positional AFOs
Decontracture orthoses

Question 16

CP: UE Ox Intervention

Answer 16

hand, wrist, and elbow static positioning orthoses can help to decrease contractures

Question 17

CP - Common Gait Pattern(s)

Answer 17

Spastic Diplegic and Spastic Hemiplegic

Question 18

Spina Bifida - Etiology

Answer 18

Congenital neural tube defect

Overall incidence is declining

Question 19

Spina Bifida - Risk Factors

Answer 19

heredity
environmental
teratogenic
folic acid

Question 20

Spina Bifida - Occulta

Answer 20

mild presentation; results in only boney defect with spinal cord, meninges and spinal fluid intact

Question 21

Spina Bifida - Meningocele

Answer 21

protrusion of meninges; involves the bifid vertebra, with only CSF filled sac protruding

least common

Question 22

Spina Bifida - Myelomeningocele

Answer 22

protrusion of meninges and spinal cord; most severe surviving form

Question 23

Spina Bifida - Myelocele

Answer 23

Meninges open, spinal cord exposed; low survival rate

Question 24

Spina Bifida - most common vertebral location

Answer 24

Lumbosacral (90%)

Question 25

Spinal Bifida - Clinical Presentation

Answer 25

not symmetrical, muscle imbalance, contractures, scoliosis; paralysis

Question 26

Spina Bifida - Ox Intervention

Answer 26

Primarily for standing and ambulating; joint stability and deformity prevention

Question 27

Spina Bifida - Common Gait Pattern

Answer 27

increased pelvic oscillation, trunk/pelvis leaned posteriorly, shortened steps

Question 28

MS - Etiology

Answer 28

chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of brain and spinal cord; Idiopathic

Question 29

MS - Clinical Presentation

Answer 29

decreased balance difficulty with swallowing and speech visual impairments pain fatigue muscle weakness cognitive issues and fatigue

Question 30

MS - Ox Intervention

Answer 30

FOs SMOs AFOs KOs KAFOs

Question 31

MS - Common Gait Pattern

Answer 31

Ataxic; clumsy, unsteady, possible tremors

Question 32

CVA - Etiology

Answer 32

AKA Stroke; rapid loss of brain function, blockage of blood to brain

Question 33

CVA - Clinical Presentation

Answer 33

Neurological function impairment; issues with speaking, eating, emotion control, eating control, vision, spasticity, etc.

Question 34

CVA - LL Ox Intervention

Answer 34

Assist in ambulation; increase proprioception and reduce spasticity

Question 35

CVA - UE Ox Intervention

Answer 35

Assist in shoulder stability; reduction/prevention of wrist and elbow contractures

Question 36

CVA - Common Gait Patterns

Answer 36

Hemiparetic

Question 37

TBI - Etiology

Answer 37

Commonly 15-24 year olds (risk taking), secondarily toddlers and geriatrics Causes: MVA, Falls, GSW, Sports/Athletics

Question 38

TBI - Clinical Presentation

Answer 38

Initially flaccid, followed by increased spasticity and rigidity; two posturing types (decorticate and decerebrate)

Question 39

TBI - Classification Scale

Answer 39

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Question 40

TBI - Orthotic Intervention

Answer 40

Contracture prevention, reduction, & correction; stability in static standing