Q3 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is the main function of the GI tract?
A
Supply nutrients to body cells
2
Q
How is the function of GI tract accomplished?
A
Through ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
3
Q
What organs are included in the GI system?
A
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus
4
Q
How is the GI system stimulated?
A
Stimulated by hypoglycemia, empty stomach, decreased body temp, brain input
5
Q
What is the hunger hormone produced in your stomach?
A
Ghrelin
6
Q
Characteristics of ghrelin
A
Increases food intake and helps body store fat
Increase appetite
Short-term control of appetite and leptin plays a role in long-term weight control
7
Q
Ghrelin levels are lower in which individuals?
A
Individuals with obesity
8
Q
Purpose of the hormone leptin?
A
Regulates hunger by providing sensation of feeling full
Made and released by WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUES
Regulates long-term balance between body’s food intake and energy use
9
Q
Our body tells us what - what body fat decreases as leptin levels decrease?
A
Our body is starving
10
Q
Where does digestion start?
A
Mouth
11
Q
Functions of stomach
A
Store food, secrete digestive juices, mix food with gastric secretions and empty the resulting content (chyme) into small intestine
12
Q
Where does absorption occur?
A
Villi in the small intestine
13
Q
Absorption is what?
A
The transfer of end products of digestion across the intestinal wall to the ciruclation
14
Q
Does digestion or absorption occur in the esophagus?
A
No
15
Q
Where is digestion
completed?
A
Small intestine
16
Q
What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?
A
Cephalic (nervous)
Gastric (hormonal and nervous)
Intestinal (hormonal)
17
Q
What is cephalic?
A
Where there is secretion of mucous, hydrogen chloride and pepsinogen
18
Q
What is gastric secretion?
A
When gastric secretions and motility are stimulated by gastric hormones
19
Q
What is intesitnal secretion?
A
Release of secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin
20
Q
Elimination
A
Involves the large intestine
Absorption of water and electrolytes
21
Q
Haustral churning
A
Kneading action caused by muscle contractions that assist with moving the food through
22
Q
The valsalva maneuver can be contraindicated with?
A
Increased ICP, eye surgery, abdominal surgeries, cardiac condition, liver cirrhosis, hemorrhoids and fissures
23
Q
What is the largest organ in our body?
A
Liver
24
Q
Metabolic functions of liver?
A
Carbohydrate, protein, fat, and steroid metabolism and detoxication
25
What cells remove bacteria and toxins from blood and gets rid of old RBCs?
Kupffer cells
26
Function of the pancreas?
Exocrine (contributes to digestion)
Endocrine (insulin, glucagon, somatotatin, and pancreatic polypeptide)
27
What's bile for?
Fat emulsification and digestion
28
What is an endoscopy?
Allows direct visualization by using endoscope. Allows to see the stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas and biliary tree
29
What are the 4 serum enzymes?
ALP - Alkaline phosphatase
AST - Aspartate antinotransferase
ALT - alaine aminotransferase
GGT - gultamyl transpeptidase
30
ALP
Elevated levels seen with obstruction in biliary tract
31
AST
elevated levels seen with liver damage and inflammation
32
ALT
elevated with liver damage and inflammation
33
GGT
elevated with alcohol liver disease, hepatitis, biliary obstruction, cholangitis, cholecystitis
34
Obesity
Increased proportion of fat cells
35
5 A's of obesity management
ASK for permission to discuss weight
ASSESS risk and potential causes of weight
ADVICE on risks, benefits and options
AGREE on weight loss goals and plan
ASSIST with education, resources & follow-up care
36
Orlistat - Medication Therapy
Works by blocking fat breakdown and absorption in the intestine
37
What is Bariatric Surgical Therapy?
Used to treat morbid obesity
Currently the only treatment and has a successful rate
38
Oral Inflammations and Infections
Specific mouth diseases, may occur in the presence of some systemic diseases such as leukemia or vitamin deficiency
39
Oral Cancer occurs where?
lips, or anywhere within the mouth
40
Esophageal Disorders
GERD
Hiatus hernia
Esophageal strictures and varices
Achalasia
Esophageal diverticula
41
What is hiatal hernia?
Portion of the stomach herniates into esophagus through an opening in diaphragm
42
What are the two types of hernia?
Sliding (most common)
Rolling (paraesophageal)
43
What is esophageal diveritculi?
Sac-like outpouchings of one or more layers of esophagus
44
Esophageal Diverticuli occurs where?
Zenker's divericulum (most common)
Traction diverticulum
Epiphrenic diverticulum
45
What is Achlasia?
Peristalsis of lower two-thirds of esophagus absent
Impairment of neurons that innervate esophagus
46
What is esophaegeal varices?
Dilated tortuous veins in lower portion of esophagus
Result of portal hypertension
Common complication of liver cirrhosis
47
Gastritis
Inflammation of gastric mucosa
Stomach problems
Result of breakdown in gastric mucosal barrier
Tissue edema results
48
Diarrhea
Frequent passage of loose, water stools
49
Osmotic diarrhea
Poorly absorbed solutes in the bowel lumen that inhibit normal water and electrolyte absorption
50
Fecal Incontinence
Inability to stop shitting
Potential risk for skin breakdown
51
Three causes of diarrhea
Decreased fluid absorption
Increased fluid secretion
Motility disturbance
52
Acute Infectious Diarrhea
Infectious organisms attack the intestines in different ways:
- some alter secretion or absorption but no inflammation
- some impair absorption by destroying cells - inflammation in colon
Can be transmitted to another person
Common: salmonella
53
Susceptibility is influenced by:
Age
Gastric acidity
Intestinal microflora
Immunocompetence (susceptible to GI tract infections as well)
54
Acute Diarrhea
Bacterial or viral
Fever
Explosive water diarrhea
Blood and mucous in stool
55
Chronic Diarrhea
>2 weeks, subsides and returns
Lead to malabsorption and malnutrition
56
Antidiarrheal Agents
Used once cause has been determined
Used to coat, and protect mucous membranes, inhibit GI motility, decrease intestinal secretions
57
Antibiotics
Flagyl is the first-line therapy for c-diff
58
Constipation
Change in amount of bowel movements
Stool is hard, difficult to pass
59
Causes of Constipation
Not enough fluid intake
Medications
Lack of exercise
Ignoring the urge
60
Clinical Manifestations of Constipation
Abdominal tenderness
Bloating
Hard dry stool
Increased flatulence
Nausea
61
Valsalva Manoeuvre
Forced expiration to help pass hardened stool
Not recommended with people who have heart failure, cerebral edema, hypertension
62
What is the presenting symptom for acute abdominal pain?
Pain
63
Chronic Abdominal Pain Common Causes
Irritable bowel syndrome
Peptic ulcer disease
Hepatitis
64
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Chronic functional disorder, intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain
Pain can be present for about 3 months
not a psychological disorder
65
Appendicitis
Referred pain, starts in the center then shifts to the RLQ
66
What might result during appendicitis? Why?
Gangrene - blood supply of appendix is impaired by inflammation
67
If surgery is needed, should anything be taken by mouth?
No -- stomach needs to be empty prior to surgery
68
Peritonitis
Inflammation within the peritoneum
Trauma or rupture - related to bacteria or chemical irritants
Complications include - hypovolemic shock
69
Gastro-enteritis
Inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine
Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramping
70
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Autoimmune disease that includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
71
What is ulcerative colitis?
Inflammation and ulceration of the rectum and colon
Bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain
Mild to severe pain
10 - 20 episodes of bloody diarrhea per day
Can cause hemorrhage, perforations, toxic megacolon
72
Goal to decrease ulcerative colitis
Rest the bowl
Control inflammation
Provide symptomatic relief
73
Crohn's Disease
Chronic IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) of unknown origin
Can affect GI tract from mouth to anus
74
What's the most common malabsorption disorder?
Lactose intolerance
75
What is Malabsorption Syndrome?
Impaired absorption of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins
76
What is Celiac Disease
Autoimmune disease caused by damage to the small intestinal mucosa from the ingestion of wheat, barley, and rye
77
Manifestations of Celiac
Foul smelling diarrhea
Flatulence
Abdominal distension
78
Intestinal Obstruction (two types)
Mechanical
Nonmechanical
79
Mechanical Obstruction
Occlusion of the lumen of intestinal tract
Pain occurs in waves
80
Nonmechanical obstruction
Neuromuscular or vascular disorder
Constant pain
Common: paralytic ileus
Often occurs after surgery
81
Location of obstruction determines what?
Extent of fluid, electrolyte, acid-based imbalances
82
Polyps of Large Intestine
Can be found anywhere
Most are asymptomatic
Abnormal and should be removed
83
Polyps can be __ and ___
Sessile (small)
Pedunculated (when becomes larger)
84
What is the second most common cause of cancer death in Canada?
Colorectal Cancer (found in the rectum)
85
What is colorectal cancer?
Cells in colon or rectal grow out of control
86
What is diverticulosis?
Multiple non-inflamed diverticula present
87
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticula
88
What are hernias?
Protrusions through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity that is normally contained
89
What happens when a hernia is unreducible?
Obstructs intestinal and blood flow - surgery is required
90
What is the most common hernia?
Inguinal
91
Hemorrhoids
Caused by congestion in the veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus
92
Anal Fissure
Skin ulcer or crack in the lining of the anal wall that is caused by trauma, infection or inflammation
93
Anal Fistula
Abnormal tunnel leading out from anus or rectum
Complications of Crohn's disease
94
Is Anal Cancer Common?
No, but can occur if an individual has numerous sexual partners
95
Pancreatitis
Gallstones and alcohol are the most common causes
96
Cirrhosis
Where healthy cells are replaced with scar tissue within the liver
Chronic and progressive
Consists of fibrosis
97
What is the most common cause of cirrhosis? WHY?
Alcohol - causes cell death and fatty infiltration in liver
98
Hepatic Encephalopathy is?
Reversible syndrome on patients with liver dysfunction
Changes in neurological and mental responsiveness ranging from sleep disturbances to lethargy to coma
Neurological disorder (?)
99
Urine acts as a what?
Antiseptic
100
Urinary Tract Infection
Urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis
101
What is urethritis?
Inflammation of urethra
102
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of urinary bladder
103
What is pyelonephritis?
Inflammation of the renal parenchyma
104
What is the most common pathogen?
E.COLI
105
What is the most common cause of bacterial infection in kidneys?
Acute pyelonephritis
106
SX of acute pyelonephritis
Flank pain, vomiting, fever, malaise, chills
107
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Kidney has shrunken and lost function owing to scarring or fibrosis
108
Interstitial Cystitis
Chronic, inflammatory disease of bladder
Urgency, frequency and pain
109
Goodpasture's Syndrome
Autoimmune disease described by circulating antibodies against glomerular and alveolar basement membrane
110
What organ is the primary target of Goodpasture's syndrome?
Kidney
Sometimes lungs
111
What are the three hereditary renal diseases?
Polycystic kidney disease
Medullary cystic disease
Alport's syndrome
112
What is polycystic kidney disease?
Most common genetic disease in Canada
Multiple cysts are present
Enlarging cysts damage surrounding tissue
113
What is Alport's Syndrome?
AKA Chronic hereditary nephritis
1 - inherited as a sex-linked
2 - inherited as a autosomal trait
114
What is the most important roles of the nurse regarding acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Promote early diagnosis and treatment of sore throats and skin lesions
Occurs after an infection in the pharynx or skin
