Q4 LQ2

Question 1

one of the pioneers in studying motion, particularly distinguished between natural and violent motion

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

→ Refers to the action necessary to move things horizontally and necessitates external action, such as pushing or pulling, to occur.
→ is characterized by the presence of unbalanced forces and does not occur without intervention.

Answer 2

Violent motion (Aristotle)

Question 3

→ Natural is either straight up or down and happens spontaneously.
Ex: Smoke rising up and rocks
falling down.
→ It happens without the need for external force.

Answer 3

Natural motion (Aristotle)

Question 4

→ An object needs to be pushed or
pulled to maintain its motion. ■ Arrow or Bullet gun
→ requires a continuous application of force to sustain movement.

Answer 4

Horizontal motion (Aristotle)

Question 5

→ An object is influenced by the downward force of gravity.
■ When a rock is thrown
horizontally, gravity affects its path, causing it to eventually descend towards the ground.

Answer 5

Projectile motion (Aristotle)

Question 6

introduced a contrasting perspective on motion, particularly emphasizing vertical motion as natural motion.

Answer 6

Galileo

Question 7

→ An object in motion will continue to be in motion if unobstructed
→ An external force is not necessary for it to maintain the motion
→ Objects in horizontal motion maintain their trajectory indefinitely unless obstructed by an external force.
→ This type of motion is characterized by its continuity and does not require ongoing force application.
→ If there’s no interference an object will keep moving in straight and there is no need to apply force of any kind.
■ A ball rolling forward on a flat frictionless surface will continue its movement unabated unless impeded by an obstacle.

Answer 7

Horizontal motion (Galileo)

Question 8

In the absence of a resistance,
objects would fall not depending on their weight, but in the ____ of fall.

Answer 8

Time

Question 9

→ In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their weight, but in the time of fall.
■ Two objects dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa fall at the same rate due to gravity, regardless of their mass.
→ If the object encounters a resistive force from a fluid equal or greater than its weight, it will slow down and reach a uniform motion until it reaches the bottom and stops.
■ A stone dropped in the ocean will sooner or later travel at constant speed.

Answer 9

Vertical motion (Galileo)

Question 10

→ Projectiles follow a curved path.
→ Galileo believed that projectile motion should be understood by analyzing the horizontal and vertical components separately.
■ A canon ball
→ While the horizontal component remains constant, the vertical component experiences changes.

Answer 10

Projectile motion (Galileo)

Question 11

He believed that the motion of an object depends on the element that mainly composed it. In this way an object will always tend to return to its natural state based on its composition.

Answer 11

Aristotle’s View on motion

Question 12

He stated that all objects moved depending on the forces acting on it and established the idea that objects thrown on space will move downward caused by the gravitational pull acting on it.

Answer 12

Galileo’s View on Motion

Question 13

states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue in motion with the same velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Answer 13

Law of inertia

Question 14

is the resistance of an object to changes in its motion, is directly proportional to its mass.

Answer 14

Inertia

Question 15

When an object is in motion, _____ opposes its movement, causing it to slow down eventually.
★ This effect is evident when a car’s brakes slow it down or when a ball rolls to a stop on a rough surface.
→ When an object is at rest, this prevents it from moving unless an external force is applied to overcome it.
★ For instance, a book placed on a table stays stationary due to this between the book and the table’s surface until someone exerts a force to move it.

Answer 15

Friction

Question 16

→ This means that the greater the force applied to an object, the greater its acceleration, and the greater its mass, the smaller its acceleration for a given force.
→ Acceleration is directly proportional to the force applied on an object and inversely proportional to the mass of an object.

Answer 16

Law of Acceleration

Question 17

measure of an object’s motion and is determined by its mass and velocity. equals the product of an object’s mass and velocity Objects with larger mass and velocity have greater momentum. It is simply “mass in motion”.

Answer 17

Momentum

Question 18

Is the force that acts in a particular time which causes the momentum of an object to change. is the change in momentum of an object resulting from the application of force over a certain period of time.

Answer 18

Impulse

Question 19

→ states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
→ This means that when one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force back on the first object.
→ The force is always opposite on the direction of the object

Answer 19

Law of Interaction

Question 20

It states that the total momentum before collision equals the total momentum after collision

Answer 20

Law of Conservation of Momentum

Question 21

A ____ is an event in which two or objects exert forces on each other over a relatively short time

Answer 21

Collision

Question 22

→ Occurs when objects
collide and rebound without
sticking together.
→ Objects move away from
each other after the collision in opposite directions.
→ Kinetic energy of the system remains constant before and after the collision.
→ No deformation occurs in the objects involved.

Answer 22

Elastic collision

Question 23

→ Occurs when objects
collide and stick together
after the collision.
→ Objects remain in one
place and move together
after the collision.
→ Kinetic energy is not
conserved; some energy is transformed into other forms like heat or sound.
→ Material deformation may occur in the colliding objects.

Answer 23

Inelastic collision

Question 24

explains the terms such as acceleration, velocity, and position of objects.

Answer 24

kinematics

Question 25

T/F; The mass of the object is taken into consideration in kinematics.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

→ It has direction and magnitude → It is multidimensional → This changes with magnitude and direction

Answer 26

Vector

Question 27

→ It has only the magnitude → Only one dimensional → This quantity changes with the change in magnitude

Answer 27

Scalar

Question 28

→ The complete length of the length between any two path between any two points points when measured along is called distance → It is a scalar quantity as it only depends upon the magnitude and not the direction → It can only have positive values

Answer 28

Distance

Question 29

→ This is the direct length between any two points when measured along the minimum path between them → It is a vector quantity as it depends upon both magnitude and direction → It can be positive, negative and even zero

Answer 29

Displacement

Question 30

________ can be defined as a scenario when an object is moving only under the effect of the Earth's gravitational pull.

Answer 30

Freefall

Question 31

As external force is exerted on the object, the motion will be constantly accelerated. This is known as

Answer 31

Freefall acceleration

Question 32

Projectile motion involves objects moving under gravity.The pathway followed by the object is called the _____

Answer 32

Trajectory

Question 33

In projectile motion, _____ velocity changes continuously

Answer 33

vertical

Question 34

In projectile motion, the ______ velocity remains constant

Answer 34

horizontal

Question 34

He was the first one to originate a spherical earth using observations such as:

Answer 34

Pythagoras

Question 35

→ He supported Pythagoras' idea that the Earth is circular due to its equidistant proportions. → He quoted that earth is a form of a globe having its extremes in every direction equidistant from the center.

Answer 35

Plato

Question 35

○ NCP and SCP Constellations → Constellations differ between the northern and southern hemispheres due to Earth's tilt. Exceptions occur around the 30 degrees latitude due to Earth's tilt. If flat, we'd see the same constellations everywhere. ○ Sinking Ships → On a flat Earth, ships would remain visible even as they sail away due to lack of curvature. ○ Partial Lunar eclipse → During this event, Earth's curved shadow on the moon disproves a flat Earth theory, showcasing Earth's spherical nature.

Answer 35

Pythagoras

Question 36

→ Proposed by Claudius Ptolomey → States that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that all celestial bodies revolved around it.

Answer 36

Geocentric Theory

Question 36

→ According to him, there are 27 interconnected geocentric spheres. → He was one of the first to propose that the Earth is at the center of the universe, a belief that was widely accepted, including by Aristotle.

Answer 36

Exodus of Cnidus

Question 37

His work on 350 BC entitled, "On the Heavens" initiated the idea of a geocentric universe with fixed spherical earth at its center. ○ Rounded shadow which the earth projects on the moon ○ Change in the constellations as travelers voyage to southern and northern regions ○ Effects of gravity

Answer 37

Aristotle

Question 38

He demonstrated that the Earth is circular by observing the cast shadow during the solstice. Placing a stick on the ground at noon, he noticed no shadow at one location but a shadow at another, Syene (now Aswan), located in southern Egypt. Wondering why, he had someone run from one place to the other to measure the distance. Using the difference in angles, he deduced that if the Earth were round, it would resemble a ball. By multiplying the distance and angle, he calculated the Earth's circumference to be 40,000 km.

Answer 38

Erastosthenes

Question 39

→ Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus → states that the Sun was at the center of the solar system, with the planets, including Earth, orbiting around it.

Answer 39

Heliocentric theory

Question 40

→ In conjunction with Eudoxus' model, he added 3 spheres to Jupiter and Mars; 4 spheres to Sun, Moon, Venus and Mercury. → He also introduced the concept of a prime mover.

Answer 40

Aristotle

Question 41

→ He stated that the sun and stars are fixed. → Contrary to prevailing beliefs, he was the first to suggest that the Sun is at the center of the universe. → If the Earth were at the center of the universe, Aristarchus reasoned, we would observe different appearances of the Sun as we moved around it. However, since the Sun's appearance remains constant, he proposed that it is more likely to be at the center, with the Earth and other celestial bodies orbiting around it.

Answer 41

Aristarchus

Question 41

Had a theory that has been accepted for thousands of years. 1. Earth is a spherical object. 2. The stars are fixed bodies attached to a solid spherical exterior part of the universe. 3. Planets move independently of the fixed stars and sometimes, the planets seem to reverse their motion.

Answer 41

Claudius Ptolemy

Question 42

→ He corrected the geocentric theory and proposed the Heliocentric Theory with the following postulates: 1. Earth is considered as only one of planets that move around the sun 2. Earth rotates on its axis daily and revolves around the sun once a year. 3. Earth experiences an annual tilting of its axis. 4. The retrograde motion of the planets is explained by earth's motion. 5. The distance from earth to sun is small compared to earth's distance from the stars. → Stated Earth is one of the planets orbiting around the Sun. → He described Earth's motion as both rotating on its axis, causing the diurnal motion or day and night cycle, and revolving around the Sun, causing the annual → Earth's axial tilt of 23.5 degrees results in seasonal changes.

Answer 42

Nicholas Copernicus

Question 43

What is the earth's axial tilt?

Answer 43

23.5 degrees

Question 44

marking equal day and night lengths.

Answer 44

Equinox

Question 45

occurs around September 22 or 23, signaling the transition to winter as leaves shed to conserve water.

Answer 45

autumnal equinox

Question 46

occurs around March 22, marking the start of spring.

Answer 46

Vernal Equinox

Question 47

are points in Earth's orbit when the Sun reaches its northernmost or southernmost point relative to the celestial equator.

Answer 47

Solstice

Question 48

around December 22, brings long nights and short days.

Answer 48

Winter solstice

Question 49

around June 22, brings long days and short nights.

Answer 49

Summer solstice

Question 50

→ observed when they appear to move backward in the sky temporarily. → He emphasized that the Sun rises in the east, consistent with Earth's daily rotation and annual orbit around the Sun.

Answer 50

The retrograde motion of planets

Question 51

The following are his important contributions to modern astronomy: 1. He modified the geocentric model of the universe. 2. He designed and built huge instruments used to make precise measurements of the positions of the planets. 3. He discovered a supernova in the constellation Cassiopeia in 1572. 4. He made observations of planetary motions that are important to the development of Kepler's Laws and other models of the solar system. → is renowned for his Tychonic model, which proposed that both the Earth and the Sun are at the center of the universe, creating a hybrid of the geocentric and heliocentric systems. This model caused confusion as to which celestial body was truly at the center.

Answer 51

Tyche Brahe

Question 52

→ As an astronomer of considerable wealth, he owned a personal observatory, enabling him to make precise and extensive observations of celestial bodies → One of his notable students was Johannes Kepler, who later used his meticulous observations to develop his laws of planetary motion.

Answer 52

Tyche Brahe

Question 53

→ Using his telescope, the following are what he observed: 1. He discovered sunspots and the rough surface of the moon. 2. He discovered the 4 famous moons of Jupiter known as Galilean moons. 3. He discovered that Venus has phases like the moon.

Answer 53

Galileo Galilei

Question 54

→ It states that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus. → states that planetary orbits are elliptical, with the Sun located at one of the foci. This discovery revolutionized our understanding of celestial motion, revealing that orbits are not perfectly circular but rather elongated ellipses.

Answer 54

Law of ellipses (Johannes Kepler)

Question 55

represents the farthest point from the Sun, occurring around July 4th, at approximately 94.5 million miles.

Answer 55

Aphelion

Question 56

marks the closest point to the Sun, occurring around January 3rd, at approximately 91.4 million miles.

Answer 56

Perihelion

Question 57

→ It states that an imaginary line drawn from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals. → When a planet is closer to the Sun, it moves faster, while it slows down when farther away. However, regardless of its distance, a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. This means that when a planet is closer to the Sun, it covers a shorter but wider arc, and when it is farther, it covers a longer but narrower arc. This law also applies to the motion of the Moon. Apogee is the point farthest from Earth, while perigee is the point nearest.This phenomenon is responsible for occurrences like supermoons.

Answer 57

Law of equal areas (Johannes Kepler)

Question 58

The closer a planet is to the Sun, the faster it moves in its orbit. This principle is exemplified by Mercury, which completes its revolution around the Sun in just 88-90 days. In contrast, other planets take severalyearstocompletetheir orbits.

Answer 58

Law of harmonies

Question 59

Point of the moon farthest from earth

Answer 59

apogee

Question 60

Point from the moon closest to earth

Answer 60

perigee

Question 61

He believed that light is consistent and composed of particles which he named as corpuscles.

Answer 61

Isaac Newton

Question 62

Newton believed that light is consistent and composed of particles which he named as ________.

Answer 62

corpuscles

Question 63

Light behaves like...

Answer 63

Particles and waves

Question 64

Are corpuscles elastic or inelastic

Answer 64

elastic

Question 65

T/F: the different colors of light are due to the differences in the sizes of corpuscles.

Answer 65

False: Colors are produced when white light is dispersed, revealing different segments of the spectrum with various wavelengths and colors.

Question 66

When the medium is dense, like water, light travels _____.

Answer 66

slower

Question 67

→ occurs due to the attraction between corpuscles of light and the molecules of a new medium. → When light enters a denser medium, it bends and its speed increases compared to before entering. This bending effect is caused by the change in the optical density of the medium.

Answer 67

Refraction

Question 67

In lighter mediums like air, light travels _____.

Answer 67

faster

Question 67

→ The highest part of a wave. → The higher the amplitude the wave does, the higher energy it carries

Answer 67

Wave crest

Question 68

Light bounces off surfaces at equal angles of incidence and reflection due to repulsion between light corpuscles and the reflecting surface.

Answer 68

reflection

Question 69

The repeating and periodic disturbance that travels through a medium (e.g. water) from one location to another location.

Answer 69

Wave

Question 69

He also said that light is a series of waves in all directions.

Answer 69

Christian Hyugens

Question 70

the lowest part of a wave .

Answer 70

wave trough

Question 71

The vertical distance between the wavelength wave trough and the wave crest.

Answer 71

Wave height

Question 71

The distance between two consecutive wave crests or between two consecutive wave troughs.

Answer 71

Wave length

Question 72

→ The number of waves passing a fixed point in a specified period of time. → The higher the amplitude the wave does, the higher energy it carries

Answer 72

Wave frequency

Question 73

Occurs when light passes around an obstacle or through a narrow opening, causing it to spread out or scatter.

Answer 73

Diffraction

Question 74

Occurs when light waves from different sources overlap and either reinforce or cancel each other out.

Answer 74

Interference

Question 75

In 1803, Thomas Young conducted an experiment using monochromatic light directed at a screen with two very small slits. This resulted in the observation of a series of bright and dark bands or fringes. When the light was turned on, it behaved as expected, illuminating the screen.

Answer 75

Young's double slit experiment

Question 76

is the phenomenon in which charged particles are released from a material when it absorbs radiant energy. It is often thought of as the ejection of electrons from the surface of a metal plate when visible light falls on it

Answer 76

Photoelectric effect

Question 77

When light behaves as a particle, it can interact with a medium to

Answer 77

reflect or refract

Question 77

When light behaves as a wave, it displays phenomena such as

Answer 77

diffraction and interference.

Question 77

Law of ______ states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

Answer 77

Reflection

Question 78

The _______ as identified by great physicists of passing generations means that light is regarded as a particle and a wave. Light can sometimes behave like a wave and sometimes as a particle.

Answer 78

dual nature of light

Question 79

happens when the incident ray of light hits rough and irregular surfaces; hence, the reflected rays are not parallel and are scattered all around. → occurs on rough, irregular surfaces, creating less defined images.

Answer 79

Diffuse réflection

Question 79

when the incident ray of light hits on smooth and shiny finished surfaces such as certain bright metals, mirrors, and even still water; hence, the reflected rays are parallel.

Answer 79

Specular reflection

Question 80

is discomfort caused by intense, scattered light reflected off rough surfaces, causing visual discomfort and reduced visibility, particularly in reflective environments like wet roads or snowy landscapes.

Answer 80

Glare

Question 81

It is simply the bending of light as it enters from one medium to another.

Answer 81

Refraction

Question 82

The larger the gap ,the ____ the diffracted rays produced

Answer 82

smaller

Question 83

In this phenomenon, light simply passes a slit or a hole and then light as waves are spread out.

Answer 83

Diffraction

Question 84

smaller gaps produce ____ diffracted rays.

Answer 84

larger