Q4: Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

the affects, behavior, and cognitions of people that characterize them in a number of situations over time

Question 2

personality theory

Answer 2

organized collection of testable ideas used to describe and explain personality
-psychoanalytic, behavioral-learning, cognitive, humanistic, trait

Question 3

Psychoanalytic approach

Answer 3

baes on frued’s ideas. innate drives explain much of human behavior, unconscious molds and shapes it.
-3 parts of personality: Id, Ego, Superego
-defense mechanisms
-psychosexual developmental stages
goal: gain insights into a patient’s problems, resolution of repressed conflict.
positives: comprehensive theory, focuses on childhood, introduced defense mechanisms
negatives: key ideas can’t be tested, not based on evidence, doesn’t account for environment

Question 4

Id

Answer 4

innate biological instincts and urges. born with it. operates on pleasure principle.

Question 5

pleasure principle

Answer 5

biological urges and instincts

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

attempts to balance demands of id with the social world, uses defense mechanisms to prevent anxiety. developed in childhood.
operates on reality principle.

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

moral guard or conscience. develops in childhood.
operates on idealistic principle.

Question 8

defense mechanisms

Answer 8

unconsciously applied techniques that protect the conscious self against strong feelings of anxiety. used by the Ego to satisfy the Id. all have evidence except for sublimation.

Question 9

sublimation

Answer 9

no evidence: changes a desire to be socially acceptable. ex: pedophile becomes a teacher.

Question 10

denial

Answer 10

denying that it happened

Question 11

repression

Answer 11

removing/hiding things we want to forget

Question 12

rationalization

Answer 12

“it’s not that bad”

Question 13

fantasy

Answer 13

daydreaming

Question 14

projection

Answer 14

thematic apperception test, putting your unconscious onto something else.

Question 15

regression

Answer 15

go back in developmental stages

Question 16

displacement

Answer 16

taking frustration and placing it someplace else ex: slamming the door

Question 17

psychosexual development stages

Answer 17

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 18

oral stage

Answer 18

pleasure and satisfaction from oral activities.
-crisis: weaning
-fixation: leads to an excessive need for oral stimulation and gratification

Question 19

anal stage

Answer 19

pleasure and satisfaction from control of bladder and bowels
-crisis: toilet training
-fixation: leads to becoming overly neat or overly disorganized

Question 20

anal-retentive

Answer 20

overly neat

Question 21

anal-expulsive

Answer 21

overly disorganized

Question 22

phallic stage

Answer 22

pleasure and satisfaction from genitals.
development of superego
-crisis: oedipus/electra complex
-fixation: leads to crisis with sexuality/gender, penis envy in girls

Question 23

oedipus/electra complex

Answer 23

little boys sexually attracted to their moms, results in mimicking dad (vice versa in girls).

Question 24

latency period

Answer 24

development of ego. focus on learning about the world.
-crisis: none, sexual development is on hold

Question 25

genital stage

Answer 25

pleasure and satisfaction from genitals -crisis: relating to the opposite sex

Question 26

behavioral learning approach

Answer 26

emphasized that personality is a collection of relatively stable learned behavior patterns. classical and operant conditioning, observational learning rejects idea that personality is made up of traits, focuses on situational determinants -positives: emphasis on experimentation, development of therapy -negatives: dehumanizes personality, not theoretical, more application of learning principles

Question 27

watson

Answer 27

learning in shaping behavior

Question 28

skinner

Answer 28

conditioning and consequences influencing

Question 29

bandura

Answer 29

observational/social learning

Question 30

neal miller

Answer 30

explained personality as habits

Question 31

habits

Answer 31

learned behavior patterns made of drives, responses, cues, and rewards

Question 32

cognitive approach

Answer 32

argued that personality is determined by one's coping mechanisms, what you think, how you process info, and how you self regulate to attain goals. everything builds from thoughts. -positives: explains observations about personality, blends well with the trait approach -negatives: hard to directly evaluate cognition

Question 33

humanistic approach

Answer 33

optimistic, claims that people have the ability to shape their destiny and biological, instinctive and environmental influences can be overcome. emphasizes wholeness or completeness rather than structural parts -positives: reminds us of wholeness of personality, points out dangers of analyzing personality in small units, positive and optimistic -negatives: many principles are untestable, striving to become fully functioning or self actualized are not universal goals

Question 34

maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 34

physiological, safety, belonging/love, self esteem, self-actualization

Question 35

trait approach

Answer 35

empirically based. gordon allport, raymond cattell, hans eysenck. four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic the big five model -positives: provides a way to measure the important dimensions of personality, shows how measured traits are related. -negatives: disagreement on number of traits needed to define personality

Question 36

trait

Answer 36

any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from others. biological predispositions.

Question 37

empirically based

Answer 37

relied on research using carefully constructed tests

Question 38

gordon allport

Answer 38

claimed traits could be ranked in a hierarchy in terms of degree to which they influence behavior: cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits

Question 39

raymond cattell

Answer 39

attributed surface traits to the existence of 16 underlying source traits: 16 Personality Factor (16PF)

Question 40

Hans Eysench

Answer 40

claimed personality related mostly to whether you are introverted/extroverted and whether your are stable/unstable

Question 41

the big five model

Answer 41

identifies five universal dimensions of personality that have the most research support. extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience.

Question 42

personality assessment

Answer 42

goals: diagnosis, theory building, behavioral prediction. techniques: behavioral observations, interviews, projection techniques, paper and pencil tests

Question 43

holland code

Answer 43

choosing a career that fits your personality is a vital step toward success. -lists activities that could be performed, gives personality types