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QA Flashcards

1
Q

What is QA

A

Quality assurance is a program that ensures proper and consistent operation of the imaging systems

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2
Q

What does QA ensure

A

Proper machine operation
Detection of gradual degradation of performance
Minimizes machine down time
Minimizes repeat examinations (misdiagnosis)
Sonographer and patient safety
Cost efficiency
Maintains standards

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3
Q

Who are the three main people responsible for QA

A

Physician
Sonographer
Service

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4
Q

What are the 2 main service personnel

A

Biomedical

Manufacturer

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5
Q

what is the physicians role in QA

A

directory of the program

responsible for assessing the overall quality of the images

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6
Q

what is the sonographer’s role in QA

A

also assessing image quality on the “front line”

preforming routine testing, record keeping and routine maintenance; such as cleaning filters and visual inspections

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7
Q

what is some routine preventative maintenance that a sonographer may perform and when is it performed

A 
cleaning surfaces
cleaning recording device
cleaning fan filters
assessing cables and transducer integrity 
film/recording quality

daily, weekly, monthly

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8
Q

what is the manufacturers role in QA and when do they perform preventative maintenance

A

providing routine preventative maintenance and repair as needed
PM is performed 2-3 times a year while machine is under warranty or a service contract

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9
Q

what is the biomedical personnel role in QA

A

acceptance testing when a machine arrives on site to ensure patient and employee safety

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10
Q

what does acceptance testing involve before the machine is placed into operation

A

image performance and power output are measured and then the system is checked to see that it will work with ancillary equipment in the department

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11
Q

what is routine performance testing about

A

measuring image performance and assessing for changes over time

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12
Q

on a regular schedule what is used to assess for things like resolution, sensitivity and accuracy

A

tissue equivalent phantom

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13
Q

what is the key component to a good QA program

A

record keeping

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14
Q

what is always performed on a regular schedule and dependent of the task

A

QA

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15
Q

when is routine performance testing typically done

A

on a yearly basis

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16
Q

what is the AIUM 100

A

an older testing device in a plastic case with 0.75mm steel rods arranged in groups and is filled with water, 9% alcohol and algaecide

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17
Q

are AIUM 100 relatively inexpensive and what is the limitation of them

A

yes, does don’t have greyscale which does not have attenuation

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18
Q

what is the tissue equivalent phantom

A

a structure that contains one or more materials that stimulate a body or tissue in its interaction with ultrasound

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19
Q

what does a tissue equivalent phantom contain

A

gel mixed with graphite powder, rod groups and solid/cystic “lesions”

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20
Q

what makes a TEP better then a AUIM 100

A

gives a better approximation of clinical performance since they allow for testing of greyscale, attenuation (TGC) and the speed of sound

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21
Q

are TEP more expensive than AUIM 100

A

yes

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22
Q

what QA can a AUIM 100 test for

A

dead zone
axial/ lateral resolution
depth calibration accuracy
length calibration accuracy

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23
Q

what QA can a TEP test for

A 
dead zone
axial/lateral/elevational/contrast resolution
depth/length calibration accuracy
TGC characteristics
uniformity (image)
system sensitivity(depth of penetration)
dynamic range
lesion detection
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24
Q

what characteristics must a good TEP have that is similar to soft tissue

A 
attenuation coefficient
speed of sound
backscatter coefficient
relative contrast
elasticity
thermal properties
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25
what is the formula for the attenuation coefficient
1/2F x path
26
what is the dead zone
- the area in the near field close to the transducer - can be quite large with old mechanical probes - the last rod in a rod group to resolve completely is the dead zone
27
what technique does dead zone imaging require
imaging a group of offset rods and observing the change over time
28
how does a phantom test for axial resolution
tests the machines ability to separate interfaces along the path of the beam by measuring the smallest separation visible between the rods at various depths, assessed over time.
29
why are the rods/pins for axial resolution offset from each other and why do they get closer the deeper the beam travels
offset for reverberation artifact and gets closer to assess the machines ability to resolve the pins
30
how does a phantom test for lateral resolution
tests the systems ability to separate interfaces across the beam and requires measuring the lateral resolution pins and is entirely dependent on depth and focus, assessed over time.
31
what is lateral resolution only as good as
beam width
32
what is another term for elevation resolution and what does it test
slice thickness and assesses a systems z axis
33
how is the elevational resolution test different from other QA tests and what is required for a quantitative test
is a qualitative assessment made on common phantoms, by looking at how well cystic structures are able to resolve along the path of the beam, a different phantom is required for a quantitative test
34
what types of phantoms will yield specific measurements for elevational resolution QA
spherical void | beam profile
35
what distance accuracy can be measured using the appropriate pins
vertical | horizontal
36
what technique for distance accuracy QA involve and what is the most important part when taking a measurement
measuring the pins at a known distance with calipers and comparing the number must be measured over a larger distances to detect smaller margins of error
37
what is different about TGC characteristic QA compared to other types of QA
its a user specific test as the results are based on the observations of the individual performing the test
38
how is TCG characteristics QA performed
images are captured over time on different slide configurations and compared over time
39
what does image uniformity QA test and what does one look for
a linear arrays consistency along the array and looks for inhomogeneous regions or areas or non-uniformity
40
what does sensitivity QA test and what is the common technique used
- a systems ability to detect weak echoes - maximum depth of visualization, where power and gain are optimized for penetration and the observer records the depth where the brightness starts to fade
41
what is dynamic range QA
a test where one can measure the number of shades of grey displayed on the machine - subjective test and requires good record keeping - images are compared over time to appreciate change in the display - often done by assessing how solid and cystic lesions on the phantom change over time.
42
what happens when decreasing dynamic range
contrast resolution increases
43
you can have lots of contrast but
poor contrast resolution
44
what is contrast resolution
the ability to distinguish between simulated lesions of similar echogenicity
45
what does contrast resolution QA test allow for and what does it involve
- the measurement of lesion detection where the system demonstrates the ability to detect small lesions with a variety of appearances - scanning solid, cystic, echogenic and hypoechoic lesions and varying decibel range or dynamic range; images are compared over time
46
what is registration QA and what does it involve
- a test for older static B scanners which ensures arm positioning is accurate for the reconstruction of an image - scanning pins from 3 sides to see if the lines intersect at one point (should form a star)
47
in addition to 2D test for QA what can also be assessed
doppler functions
48
what are the 2 different types of phantoms used for doppler QA and what is the difference between them
flow string or belt -how the doppler shift is created
49
what is the flow or TE doppler phantoms closely match
the clinical experience are expensive
50
what are the string/belt phantoms
a string or belt is moved in a water bath does not match the clinical experience more affordable older technology
51
what can doppler phantoms measure
``` maximum depth gate position accuracy volume flow and velocity accuracy colour flow penetration image congruency test ```
52
what are the other applications phantoms can be used for other than QA
demonstration training research and development
53
to utilize the different applications what is needed
specialty phantoms
54
what are the specialty phantoms needed
``` biopsy MASS 3D cryosurgery brachytherapy HIFU IVUS ```
55
what are output testing devices
some machines used by service personnel or manufactures to evaluate the systems power output
56
what are the different output testing devices
hydrophone power (force) balancers calorimeter (thermocouple)
57
what are the different parts a hydrophone is paired with
plotter spectrum analyzer oscilloscope schlieren system (acoustic-optical method)
58
what is a hydrophone
a small (1mm) transducer that produces a voltage proportional to the received acoustic pressure wave
59
when a hydrophone is used with a plotter what happens
it can be moved throughout the sound field and produce a beam profile
60
when a hydrophone is used with an oscilloscope what can be measured
``` SPL PD PRP PRF DF ```
61
when a hydrophone is used with a spectrum analyzer it can measure what
frequency bandwidth fractional bandwidth Q factor
62
what does a force balance measure and what is it
acoustic power -a sophisticated and sensitive micro balance that is phased in the sound field and calibrated to determine acoustic power and intensity
63
what is a calorimeter and what is it made of
essentially a "heat meter" that measures acoustic power - made of an enclosed fluid container with a very sensitive thermocouple that detects changes in temperature which then determines acoustic power
64
as ultrasound systems and phantom technologies change there is a need to
develop new products
65
phantoms are designed to have _____ and must keep pace with
increased durability and longevity | the development of ultrasound machines
66
what is the future phantom technology that has been developed
thin film phantom targets | smaller resolution point targets
67
some machines even have the ability to
self-evaluate which would help with the subjectivity of manual evaluation

Physics 3 (5 decks)

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