QAQC Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
What are the two areas of activity designed to ensure the best possible diagnosis?
A
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
2
Q
According to which standards shall registrants and licensees establish a comprehensive QA program for medical exposures?
A
International Basic Safety Standards (IBSS) in 2014
3
Q
What does The Joint Commission (TJC) promote?
A
The Ten-Step Monitoring and Evaluation Process
4
Q
What is the organized effort of a facility to ensure high standards of quality?
A
Quality Assurance
5
Q
In QA, who is principally responsible for attention from the imaging team?
A
radiologist and the imaging service management.
6
Q
What is designed to ensure that the radiologist is provided with an optimal image?
A
QC
7
Q
Was the report of diagnosis promptly prepared, distributed, and filed for subsequent evaluation?
A
QA
8
Q
What are the three steps of an acceptable QC program?
A
Acceptance Testing, Routine Performance Monitoring, Maintenance
9
Q
What is the organized effort by staff in radiology to ensure high-quality diagnostic images?
A
Quality Assurance
10
Q
Who principally requires team effort in QC?
A
medical physicist.
11
Q
What does QC deal with?
A
instrumentation and equipment.
12
Q
What monitors proper scheduling, reception, and preparation?
A
QA
13
Q
What begins with imaging systems and continues with routine evaluation?
A
QC
14
Q
What does Quality Assurance deal with?
A
people
15
Q
What is performed at the installation of the equipment to check performance?
A
Acceptance Testing
16
Q
What are examples of Routine Performance Testing?
A
Different timetables (daily, monthly, annually) can be used depending on the nature of the test.
Safety system tests (emergency stop), X-ray tube performance (nominal kV), Image quality tests (resolution, artifacts), Display performance, Dosimetry
17
Q
What is done daily by Radtech?
A
System inspection, physical inspection, secondary erasure of IP
18
Q
What involves image interpretation?
A
QA
19
Q
What concludes with a dedicated analysis of each image?
A
QC
20
Q
What provides baseline values for image quality and radiation dose?
A
Commissioning testing
21
Q
What is maintenance that is a planned program of parts replacement?
A
Preventive
22
Q
What is verification of displayed image and phantom image quality control testing done weekly by?
A
Radtech
23
Q
What maintenance is due to a failure in the system?
A
Non-scheduled
24
Q
What is Outcome Analysis?
A
QA
25
What evaluates image quality and patient dose, acceptance tests to re-establish baseline value?
Semi-annually/ Annually by Medical Physicist
26
What maintenance is performed on a routine basis?
Scheduled
27
What is done monthly by Radtech?
Inspect and clean IR, review image rejection rate, and QC review of 'Out of tolerance' issues
28
What is done semiannually/annually by Medical Physicist?
Review of PT exposure trends, retake activity, QC records, service history
29
What does adherence to policies and procedures refer to?
QA
30
What involves periodic testing and maintenance of performance throughout its lifespan?
QC
31
What is the estimation of radiation dose to patients, workers, and public?
QA
32
What is the determination and follow-up of imaging protocols?
QC
33
What is a proactive strategy in QA?
QA
34
What is the training of workers related to?
QA
35
What is a reactive strategy in QC?
QC
36
What is process-oriented in QA?
QA
37
What is a managing tool in QA?
QA
38
What does QC detect?
Defects
39
What is the acceptance and commission of a radiographic device?
QC
40
What does QA prevent?
defects
41
What is a corrective tool in QC?
QC
42
What is product-oriented in QC?
QC
43
What is everyone's responsibility in QA?
QA
44
What is the testing team's responsibility in QC?
QC
45
What are things to consider when planning and establishing a QA/QC program?
Commitment and support of radiology personnel to sustain the program, Establishment of standards of image quality, Conduct of film analysis every month, Establishment of standard darkroom techniques and conduct darkroom QC checks, Conduct of preventive maintenance and quality control checks, Establishment of standard protocols in performing different examination, Establishment of a radiation safety program, Conduct of continuous education and training
46
Who are in the hospital QA/QC team?
Hospital Chief Radiologist, Chief Radiologic Technologist, Medical Physicist, Other Radiologists and Radiology Resident Physicians, Other Radiologic Technologists
47
Who are in the hospital QA/QC committee?
Chief of Hospital, Administrative Officer, Chief Radiologist, Chief Radiologic Technologist, Chief Physicist, Hospital Maintenance Engineer / Technician, Others
48
What are the responsibilities of a hospital QA/QC team?
Do periodic film analysis and monthly film analysis report to the QA/QC committee, Establish additional radiographic technique charts when needed, or revise existing technique charts when appropriate, Establish additional darkroom processing charts or revise existing ones when necessary, Do periodic quality control test of x-ray equipment and accessories, and darkroom equipment and accessories, Keep a room logbook which contains all the test data on equipment and accessories, and all the changes or repairs done to all equipment and accessories in the room, sample images, procedures for QC tests, etc, Keep all brochures and technical manuals pertaining to equipment and accessories.
49
What are the responsibilities of a hospital QA/QC committee?
Meet regularly to discuss film analysis report, QC test results, other reports and problems of the radiology department, Decide on corrective action to be implemented and on other matters related to the program, Keep a record of minutes of meetings
50
What are the components of quality management programs?
Equipment quality control, Administrative responsibilities, Risk management, Radiation safety program
51
What is the ability to identify potential risk to patients, employees, and visitors?
Risk management
52
What involves evaluation of equipment performance to ensure proper image quality?
Equipment Quality Control
53
What involves the establishment of various processes to accomplish specific departmental tasks?
Administrative responsibilities
54
What does ALARA stand for?
As low as reasonable achievable
55
What are the cardinal principles?
Time, Distance, Shielding
56
What ensures that patient exposure is kept as low as reasonably achievable?
Radiation Safety Program
57
What are designed to transfer film cassettes to and from the darkroom without radiation light entering?
Hatches
58
What is a room from which normal light is excluded?
Darkroom
59
What is the size of a darkroom?
10 square meter, 15.9.5 ft for 200 radiographs per day, Height: 2.5-3m
60
Should a darkroom be close to damp and hot areas?
F. it must be away from damp or hot areas.
61
How far must the wet and dry section be?
4ft
62
Where is the negatoscope located in the darkroom?
Wet section
63
What is the thickness of concrete in a darkroom?
Concrete: 6in
64
What is the thickness of hollow blocks in a darkroom?
filled with cement
65
What is the thickness of wood in a darkroom?
lined with 1.5mm Pb
66
What are typically wall-mounted and include automatic interlocks?
Hatches
67
Should a darkroom be placed where the radtech is required to walk a lot of steps?
F. As few steps as possible
68
Where is a darkroom located in radiology?
Centrally
69
What type of paint must a darkroom have?
must be matte finished
70
What are the material characteristics of the floor in a darkroom?
Non-porous flooring, Non-slip flooring, Chemical resistant, Stain proof, Durable and easy to maintain, Light colored (low-light working conditions)
71
What materials are used for DR floors?
Asphalt tiles, Porcelain tiles, Clay tiles, Plastic tiles
72
What is the color of the wall in DR?
Ivory or light gray color, matte finished
73
What is the humidity in the darkroom storage room?
40-60%
74
What is the humidity in the darkroom itself?
30-60%
75
What is designed to eliminate heat and fumes?
DR ventilation
76
What materials are used in painting walls and ceilings?
Enamel, epoxy, Special paints, Varnish, Ceramic, Plastic wall
77
What are the types of entrances in DR?
Single-Door system, Double-door system, Labyrinth or maze type entrance, Rotating or revolving door system
78
What is the temperature in DR?
20 degrees Celsius (old), 18-24 (new)
79
What is the most efficient but most expensive door system?
Rotating or revolving door system
80
What should be the rate of air changes and air movement in DR?
8-10 per hr and, 15-25ft/min
81
What can achieve fairly satisfactory ventilation?
extractor fan
82
What type of light is used for inspection and maintenance in darkrooms?
White light
83
What type of darkroom door system has easy access characteristics?
Labyrinth.Maze type entrance
84
What door system is used only when there is darkroom personnel exclusive in the DR?
Double-door system
85
What is the wattage of white light in DR?
Tungsten (60W), Fluorescent (30W)
86
What is the simplest type of door system?
Single door system
87
How many switches should a white light have?
more than 1 switch is preferable with its respective identification
88
What is the precaution for fire safety in darkrooms?
ideally, all darkrooms should be provided with an alternative exit, which should be indicated clearly and left unobstructed at all times.
89
What intensity should a white light have in a darkroom?
Moderate in intensity
90
What is the distance of safelight from the workbench?
6ft
91
What is used to exclude dust and dirt from sensitive films?
Use of cassette
92
How often should a safelight filter be cleaned?
PERIODICALLY!
93
What are the types of darkroom illumination?
Direct safelight, Indirect safelight
94
What does making the correct selection of safelight filter mean?
choosing a filter, which will transmit a color to which the film is relatively unresponsive, while stopping all light to which the film is most sensitive.
95
What is the most common safelight?
Direct safelight fixture type
96
What type of bulb does an indirect safelight use?
Sodium vapor
97
What is the material used in a safelight filter?
Sheet of gelatin dyed to appropriate color, sandwiched between two sheets of glass for protection
98
What is the wattage of a safelight?
7.5W at 3ft, 15W at 4ft
99
What happens when white light is passed through colored filters?
certain wavelengths or colors are absorbed by the filters, while those wavelengths, which correspond to the color of the filters will be transmitted.
100
What is a monochromatic film safelight?
Kodak Wratten 6B filter, Amber filter (400-450 nm), Kodak Morlite
101
What is a panchromatic film filter?
Total Darkness, sensitive to all light (1200nm)
102
What is an orthochromatic film filter?
Red Filter (500-550nm), Kodak GBX2
103
What are the effects of excessive safelight exposure?
Fogging, loss of contrast
104
Are safelights completely safe for films?
F. NO. safelight filters are not perfect absorbers of the undesirable wavelengths and in truth, all films have some sensitivity to all wavelengths
105
What chemical is used to remove undeveloped silver halide crystals from the film?
Fixer
106
What are the types of hangers?
Clip type, Channel type, Spring type
107
What must be kept to a minimum to avoid significant fogging?
intensity of illumination and the film-handling time
108
Where is unexposed film stored?
Film hopper
109
What are the darkroom equipment?
Automatic Processor, Manual Processing Unit, Processing Chemicals, Film Hangers, Cassette, Film Storage Hopper, Loading Bench, Cupboards
110
What are the three health safety considerations in the processing area?
Electrical safety, General safety, Chemical hazards
111
What is a Manual Processing unit composed of?
four tanks: Developer, Rinsing, Fixer, Washing
112
What should be kept away from sinks?
All electrical equipment
113
Storage of unexposed film?
Film hopper
114
Darkroom Equipment are?
Automatic Processor, Manual Processing Unit, Processing Chemicals, Film Hangers, Cassette, Film Storage Hopper, Loading Bench, Cupboards
115
3 health safety in processing area?
Electrical safety, General safety, Chemical hazards
116
Manual Processing unit is composed of how many tanks?
Four tanks: Developer, Rinsing, Fixer, Washing
117
What type of safety is keeping electrical equipment away from sinks and manual processing units?
Electrical Safety
118
The DR can have at least how many tanks?
3
119
What is a cassette?
A rectangular or square plastic or metallic container used to hold x-ray film (exposed or unexposed) and intensifying screens in close uniform contact with one another.
120
Processing tanks are made up of what material?
Stainless steel to avoid erosion
121
What is a by-product of fixer solution during processing?
SILVER complex of monoargento-dithiosulfuric acid
122
What is a film hanger?
An instrument or device for holding radiographic film during processing procedure, available in various sizes, made up of stainless steel.
123
What chemical is used to convert latent image to manifest image?
Developer
124
What is the purpose of using a cassette?
To exclude all light from entering the cassette and fogging the film, and to maintain a close and uniform contact between the screen and the film.
125
What type of health and safety standard involves handling processing chemicals?
Chemical hazard
126
How should film boxes be kept to avoid artifacts?
Vertically placed
127
What type of safety includes matching the maximum level of safelighting with film sensitivity?
General safety
128
What type of switch is used in DR?
Pull-chord switch for lights
129
What safety equipment should be available within the processing area for each procedure?
Safety glasses, facemask, rubber gloves, and plastic apron
130
What are the two areas of activity designed to ensure the best possible diagnosis?
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
131
According to which standards shall registrants and licensees establish a comprehensive QA program for medical exposures?
International Basic Safety Standards (IBSS) in 2014
132
What does The Joint Commission (TJC) promote?
The Ten-Step Monitoring and Evaluation Process
133
What is the organized effort of a facility to ensure high standards of quality?
Quality Assurance
134
In QA, who is principally responsible for attention from the imaging team?
radiologist and the imaging service management.
135
What is designed to ensure that the radiologist is provided with an optimal image?
QC
136
Was the report of diagnosis promptly prepared, distributed, and filed for subsequent evaluation?
QA
137
What are the three steps of an acceptable QC program?
Acceptance Testing, Routine Performance Monitoring, Maintenance
138
What is the organized effort by staff in radiology to ensure high-quality diagnostic images?
Quality Assurance
139
Who principally requires team effort in QC?
medical physicist.
140
What does QC deal with?
instrumentation and equipment.
141
What monitors proper scheduling, reception, and preparation?
QA
142
What begins with imaging systems and continues with routine evaluation?
QC
143
What does Quality Assurance deal with?
people
144
What is performed at the installation of the equipment to check performance?
Acceptance Testing
145
What are examples of Routine Performance Testing?
Different timetables (daily, monthly, annually) can be used depending on the nature of the test.
## Footnote
Safety system tests (emergency stop), X-ray tube performance (nominal kV), Image quality tests (resolution, artifacts), Display performance, Dosimetry
146
What is done daily by Radtech?
System inspection, physical inspection, secondary erasure of IP
147
What involves image interpretation?
QA
148
What concludes with a dedicated analysis of each image?
QC
149
What provides baseline values for image quality and radiation dose?
Commissioning testing
150
What is maintenance that is a planned program of parts replacement?
Preventive
151
What is verification of displayed image and phantom image quality control testing done weekly by?
Radtech
152
What maintenance is due to a failure in the system?
Non-scheduled
153
What is Outcome Analysis?
QA
154
What evaluates image quality and patient dose, acceptance tests to re-establish baseline value?
Semi-annually/ Annually by Medical Physicist
155
What maintenance is performed on a routine basis?
Scheduled
156
What is done monthly by Radtech?
Inspect and clean IR, review image rejection rate, and QC review of 'Out of tolerance' issues
157
What is done semiannually/annually by Medical Physicist?
Review of PT exposure trends, retake activity, QC records, service history
158
What does adherence to policies and procedures refer to?
QA
159
What involves periodic testing and maintenance of performance throughout its lifespan?
QC
160
What is the estimation of radiation dose to patients, workers, and public?
QA
161
What is the determination and follow-up of imaging protocols?
QC
162
What is a proactive strategy in QA?
QA
163
What is the training of workers related to?
QA
164
What is a reactive strategy in QC?
QC
165
What is process-oriented in QA?
QA
166
What is a managing tool in QA?
QA
167
What does QC detect?
Defects
168
What is the acceptance and commission of a radiographic device?
QC
169
What does QA prevent?
defects
170
What is a corrective tool in QC?
QC
171
What is product-oriented in QC?
QC
172
What is everyone's responsibility in QA?
QA
173
What is the testing team's responsibility in QC?
QC
174
What are things to consider when planning and establishing a QA/QC program?
Commitment and support of radiology personnel to sustain the program, Establishment of standards of image quality, Conduct of film analysis every month, Establishment of standard darkroom techniques and conduct darkroom QC checks, Conduct of preventive maintenance and quality control checks, Establishment of standard protocols in performing different examination, Establishment of a radiation safety program, Conduct of continuous education and training
175
Who are in the hospital QA/QC team?
Hospital Chief Radiologist, Chief Radiologic Technologist, Medical Physicist, Other Radiologists and Radiology Resident Physicians, Other Radiologic Technologists
176
Who are in the hospital QA/QC committee?
Chief of Hospital, Administrative Officer, Chief Radiologist, Chief Radiologic Technologist, Chief Physicist, Hospital Maintenance Engineer / Technician, Others
177
What are the responsibilities of a hospital QA/QC team?
Do periodic film analysis and monthly film analysis report to the QA/QC committee, Establish additional radiographic technique charts when needed, or revise existing technique charts when appropriate, Establish additional darkroom processing charts or revise existing ones when necessary, Do periodic quality control test of x-ray equipment and accessories, and darkroom equipment and accessories, Keep a room logbook which contains all the test data on equipment and accessories, and all the changes or repairs done to all equipment and accessories in the room, sample images, procedures for QC tests, etc, Keep all brochures and technical manuals pertaining to equipment and accessories.
178
What are the responsibilities of a hospital QA/QC committee?
Meet regularly to discuss film analysis report, QC test results, other reports and problems of the radiology department, Decide on corrective action to be implemented and on other matters related to the program, Keep a record of minutes of meetings
179
What are the components of quality management programs?
Equipment quality control, Administrative responsibilities, Risk management, Radiation safety program
180
What is the ability to identify potential risk to patients, employees, and visitors?
Risk management
181
What involves evaluation of equipment performance to ensure proper image quality?
Equipment Quality Control
182
What involves the establishment of various processes to accomplish specific departmental tasks?
Administrative responsibilities
183
What does ALARA stand for?
As low as reasonable achievable
184
What are the cardinal principles?
Time, Distance, Shielding
185
What ensures that patient exposure is kept as low as reasonably achievable?
Radiation Safety Program
186
What are designed to transfer film cassettes to and from the darkroom without radiation light entering?
Hatches
187
What is a room from which normal light is excluded?
Darkroom
188
What is the size of a darkroom?
10 square meter, 15.9.5 ft for 200 radiographs per day, Height: 2.5-3m
189
Should a darkroom be close to damp and hot areas?
F. it must be away from damp or hot areas.
190
How far must the wet and dry section be?
4ft
191
Where is the negatoscope located in the darkroom?
Wet section
192
What is the thickness of concrete in a darkroom?
Concrete: 6in
193
What is the thickness of hollow blocks in a darkroom?
filled with cement
194
What is the thickness of wood in a darkroom?
lined with 1.5mm Pb
195
What are typically wall-mounted and include automatic interlocks?
Hatches
196
Should a darkroom be placed where the radtech is required to walk a lot of steps?
F. As few steps as possible
197
Where is a darkroom located in radiology?
Centrally
198
What type of paint must a darkroom have?
must be matte finished
199
What are the material characteristics of the floor in a darkroom?
Non-porous flooring, Non-slip flooring, Chemical resistant, Stain proof, Durable and easy to maintain, Light colored (low-light working conditions)
200
What materials are used for DR floors?
Asphalt tiles, Porcelain tiles, Clay tiles, Plastic tiles
201
What is the color of the wall in DR?
Ivory or light gray color, matte finished
202
What is the humidity in the darkroom storage room?
40-60%
203
What is the humidity in the darkroom itself?
30-60%
204
What is designed to eliminate heat and fumes?
DR ventilation
205
What materials are used in painting walls and ceilings?
Enamel, epoxy, Special paints, Varnish, Ceramic, Plastic wall
206
What are the types of entrances in DR?
Single-Door system, Double-door system, Labyrinth or maze type entrance, Rotating or revolving door system
207
What is the temperature in DR?
20 degrees Celsius (old), 18-24 (new)
208
What is the most efficient but most expensive door system?
Rotating or revolving door system
209
What should be the rate of air changes and air movement in DR?
8-10 per hr and, 15-25ft/min
210
What can achieve fairly satisfactory ventilation?
extractor fan
211
What type of light is used for inspection and maintenance in darkrooms?
White light
212
What type of darkroom door system has easy access characteristics?
Labyrinth.Maze type entrance
213
What door system is used only when there is darkroom personnel exclusive in the DR?
Double-door system
214
What is the wattage of white light in DR?
Tungsten (60W), Fluorescent (30W)
215
What is the simplest type of door system?
Single door system
216
How many switches should a white light have?
more than 1 switch is preferable with its respective identification
217
What is the precaution for fire safety in darkrooms?
ideally, all darkrooms should be provided with an alternative exit, which should be indicated clearly and left unobstructed at all times.
218
What intensity should a white light have in a darkroom?
Moderate in intensity
219
What is the distance of safelight from the workbench?
6ft
220
What is used to exclude dust and dirt from sensitive films?
Use of cassette
221
How often should a safelight filter be cleaned?
PERIODICALLY!
222
What are the types of darkroom illumination?
Direct safelight, Indirect safelight
223
What does making the correct selection of safelight filter mean?
choosing a filter, which will transmit a color to which the film is relatively unresponsive, while stopping all light to which the film is most sensitive.
224
What is the most common safelight?
Direct safelight fixture type
225
What type of bulb does an indirect safelight use?
Sodium vapor
226
What is the material used in a safelight filter?
Sheet of gelatin dyed to appropriate color, sandwiched between two sheets of glass for protection
227
What is the wattage of a safelight?
7.5W at 3ft, 15W at 4ft
228
What happens when white light is passed through colored filters?
certain wavelengths or colors are absorbed by the filters, while those wavelengths, which correspond to the color of the filters will be transmitted.
229
What is a monochromatic film safelight?
Kodak Wratten 6B filter, Amber filter (400-450 nm), Kodak Morlite
230
What is a panchromatic film filter?
Total Darkness, sensitive to all light (1200nm)
231
What is an orthochromatic film filter?
Red Filter (500-550nm), Kodak GBX2
232
What are the effects of excessive safelight exposure?
Fogging, loss of contrast
233
Are safelights completely safe for films?
F. NO. safelight filters are not perfect absorbers of the undesirable wavelengths and in truth, all films have some sensitivity to all wavelengths
234
What chemical is used to remove undeveloped silver halide crystals from the film?
Fixer
235
What are the types of hangers?
Clip type, Channel type, Spring type
236
What must be kept to a minimum to avoid significant fogging?
intensity of illumination and the film-handling time
237
Where is unexposed film stored?
Film hopper
238
What are the darkroom equipment?
Automatic Processor, Manual Processing Unit, Processing Chemicals, Film Hangers, Cassette, Film Storage Hopper, Loading Bench, Cupboards
239
What are the three health safety considerations in the processing area?
Electrical safety, General safety, Chemical hazards
240
What is a Manual Processing unit composed of?
four tanks: Developer, Rinsing, Fixer, Washing
241
What should be kept away from sinks?
All electrical equipment
242
Storage of unexposed film?
Film hopper
243
Darkroom Equipment are?
Automatic Processor, Manual Processing Unit, Processing Chemicals, Film Hangers, Cassette, Film Storage Hopper, Loading Bench, Cupboards
244
3 health safety in processing area?
Electrical safety, General safety, Chemical hazards
245
Manual Processing unit is composed of how many tanks?
Four tanks: Developer, Rinsing, Fixer, Washing
246
What type of safety is keeping electrical equipment away from sinks and manual processing units?
Electrical Safety
247
The DR can have at least how many tanks?
3
248
What is a cassette?
A rectangular or square plastic or metallic container used to hold x-ray film (exposed or unexposed) and intensifying screens in close uniform contact with one another.
249
Processing tanks are made up of what material?
Stainless steel to avoid erosion
250
What is a by-product of fixer solution during processing?
SILVER complex of monoargento-dithiosulfuric acid
251
What is a film hanger?
An instrument or device for holding radiographic film during processing procedure, available in various sizes, made up of stainless steel.
252
What chemical is used to convert latent image to manifest image?
Developer
253
What is the purpose of using a cassette?
To exclude all light from entering the cassette and fogging the film, and to maintain a close and uniform contact between the screen and the film.
254
What type of health and safety standard involves handling processing chemicals?
Chemical hazard
255
How should film boxes be kept to avoid artifacts?
Vertically placed
256
What type of safety includes matching the maximum level of safelighting with film sensitivity?
General safety
257
What type of switch is used in DR?
Pull-chord switch for lights
258
What safety equipment should be available within the processing area for each procedure?
Safety glasses, facemask, rubber gloves, and plastic apron
