qe Flashcards
(264 cards)
1
Q
What diagnoses are associated with impulsivity?
A
ADHD, Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Bipolar Disorder
2
Q
How to differentiate impulsivity in IED?
A
Occurs only during outbursts.
3
Q
How to differentiate impulsivity in Bipolar Disorder?
A
Episodic, lasting several days, often with grandiosity.
4
Q
How is impulsivity different in ODD?
A
Related to non-compliance or doing what they want.
5
Q
Is aggression in isolation a characteristic of ADHD?
A
No, it’s more characteristic of IED.
6
Q
What diagnoses are associated with hyperactivity?
A
ADHD, Bipolar Disorder
7
Q
How to differentiate hyperactivity in ADHD?
A
Present across settings, consistent.
8
Q
How to differentiate hyperactivity in Bipolar?
A
Episodic, may involve grandiosity.
9
Q
What diagnoses are associated with difficulty concentrating?
A
ADHD, Learning Disorder (LD), Anxiety, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Trauma
10
Q
What differentiates inattention due to anxiety?
A
Associated with worry or rumination.
11
Q
What differentiates inattention due to ADHD?
A
Due to external stimuli or preoccupation with enjoyable activities.
12
Q
What differentiates inattention in MDD?
A
Only present during depressive episodes.
13
Q
What differentiates inattention due to trauma?
A
Related to rumination or flashbacks.
14
Q
What differentiates inattention due to LD?
A
Specific to schoolwork, due to frustration or lack of ability.
15
Q
What diagnoses are associated with school refusal?
A
LD, Anxiety, MDD, Trauma, ASD, ODD, CD, ADHD
16
Q
What is a key question when assessing school refusal?
A
When did the school refusal begin?
17
Q
What might indicate ODD in school refusal?
A
Non-compliance with demands.
18
Q
What might indicate ADHD in school refusal?
A
Difficulty with mental effort, impulsivity.
19
Q
What diagnoses are associated with irritability?
A
DMDD, Anxiety, MDD, ODD, Bipolar Disorder, Conduct Disorder
20
Q
How does anxiety-related irritability present?
A
Occurs during specific times or before/after certain activities.
21
Q
When is irritability linked to MDD?
A
If it only persists during a major depressive episode.
22
Q
What does persistent irritability with outbursts suggest?
A
DMDD or ODD.
23
Q
What might irritability with increased energy for 4+ days suggest?
A
Bipolar Disorder.
24
Q
What diagnoses are associated with emotional outbursts?
A
DMDD, Anxiety, MDD, Trauma, ODD, ASD, Adjustment Disorder
25
What supports a diagnosis of DMDD?
Irritability between outbursts and examples of physical aggression.
26
When do emotional outbursts suggest Anxiety or MDD?
If they occur in context of anxiety-related events or depressive episodes.
27
What differentiates mood symptoms in ODD?
Mood symptoms are rare—if present with temper outbursts, consider DMDD.
28
When are outbursts trauma-related?
If they occur in response to trauma cues or recent traumatic/stressful events.
29
What diagnoses are associated with behavioral outbursts?
DMDD, IED, ODD, CD, Anxiety, ASD, Adjustment Disorder, Trauma
30
How is DMDD differentiated from IED and ODD?
DMDD includes persistently irritable/angry mood between outbursts.
31
What differentiates ODD/CD from IED?
ODD/CD involve authority conflict and premeditated outbursts; IED is impulsive.
32
What increases likelihood of Conduct Disorder?
More severe behavior such as physical aggression.
33
What supports trauma-related outbursts?
Onset after a stressful event or related to trauma cues.
34
What diagnoses are linked to low frustration tolerance?
ADHD, Anxiety, DMDD, MDD, LD, CD
35
What indicates frustration tied to MDD?
Associated with negative self-talk.
36
What supports frustration due to LD or anxiety?
Frustration is situation-specific.
37
What diagnoses are linked to social challenges?
ADHD, ID, ASD, ODD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder
38
How to differentiate social anxiety vs ASD?
Assess capacity for social relationships/understanding.
39
How to distinguish ID in social challenges?
Social skills are substantially below developmental level and inconsistent across domains.
40
What indicates ADHD-related social challenges?
Impulsivity and distractibility.
41
How does peer rejection differ in ADHD vs ASD?
ADHD: peer rejection; ASD: social disengagement or preference for solitary play.
42
What points to Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder?
Difficulty with social rules and subtleties without restricted/repetitive behavior.
43
What are the core diagnostic criteria for Intellectual Disability according to the DSM-5-TR?
Deficits in intellectual functions (e.g., reasoning, problem-solving, academic learning) confirmed by clinical assessment and standardized testing; deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for independence and responsibility; onset during the developmental period.
44
How is the severity of Intellectual Disability categorized?
Severity is categorized into Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Profound, based on functioning in conceptual (thinking & learning), social (getting along), and practical (daily life) domains.
45
What are the key differential diagnoses for Intellectual Disability?
Social Communication Disorder and Specific Learning Disorder—both show typical cognitive function and no global adaptive deficits; ASD if restrictive/repetitive behaviors are present and affect test performance.
46
Which assessment tools are useful for evaluating Intellectual Disability?
WISC, WPPSI, Woodcock-Johnson, WIAT, ABAS, Vineland, Beery VMI, D-KEFS, ToWL, WRAML/WMS/CMS.
47
What are common comorbidities seen with Intellectual Disability?
ADHD, Anxiety, Depression/Suicidal Ideation, ASD, Learning Disorders, Communication Disorders, Sensory or Motor Disorders.
48
What considerations should be made when diagnosing Intellectual Disability?
Consider cultural sensitivity, male predominance, prenatal/postnatal events, and developmental history.
49
What treatments are appropriate for managing Intellectual Disability?
Psychoeducation, social and environmental modifications, IEPs, community supports, assistive technology, and executive functioning support (e.g., chunking, visual schedules).
50
What are the required symptoms to diagnose Social Communication Disorder (SCD)?
Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication, including issues with context-appropriate language, conversational rules, nonliteral language comprehension, and functional limitations in daily life.
51
What are key differentials between Social Communication Disorder and other diagnoses?
SCD lacks restricted/repetitive behaviors (RRBs) seen in ASD; differs from Language Disorder (which affects grammar/vocabulary); ADHD-related social issues stem from impulsivity, not pragmatic deficits; Social Anxiety involves fear rather than skill deficits.
52
Which tools are recommended for diagnosing Social Communication Disorder?
ADOS-2 (to rule out ASD), CELF-5, and speech-language pathologist (SLP) evaluations.
53
What comorbid conditions are frequently seen with Social Communication Disorder?
Social Anxiety Disorder, ADHD, Specific Learning Disorders, and emotional/behavioral problems.
54
What treatment strategies are recommended for Social Communication Disorder?
SLP involvement, social skills training, and school-based accommodations through an IEP.
55
What core social communication deficits are required for an Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis?
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors, and the ability to develop and maintain relationships.
56
What restrictive and repetitive behavior patterns are associated with ASD?
Includes stereotyped movements/speech, insistence on sameness, restricted interests, and sensory hyper/hyporeactivity.
57
What are the specifiers used in ASD diagnosis?
With/without intellectual impairment, with/without language impairment, associated with medical/genetic conditions, and associated neurodevelopmental or behavioral comorbidities.
58
How is ASD severity rated in DSM-5-TR?
Severity is rated separately for Social Communication and Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors on a 3-level scale from requiring support to very substantial support.
59
How do you differentiate ASD from Social Communication Disorder?
ASD includes RRBs and more global social communication impairments; SCD does not.
60
What measures are used to assess ASD?
ADOS-2, ADI-R, SRS-2, and adaptive functioning measures like the Vineland.
61
What are the most common comorbidities with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
ADHD, Intellectual Disability, Anxiety Disorders, and Learning Disorders.
62
What environmental and gender-based considerations exist in ASD diagnosis?
Girls may mask symptoms more; cultural norms may affect symptom presentation and recognition.
63
What are the core diagnostic criteria for ADHD?
A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least 6 months that interferes with functioning, with several symptoms present before age 12 and across two or more settings.
64
List the nine symptoms of inattention in ADHD.
Fails to give close attention, difficulty sustaining attention, does not listen, poor follow-through, disorganized, avoids sustained effort, loses things, easily distracted, forgetful.
65
List the nine symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in ADHD.
Fidgets, leaves seat, runs/climbs, unable to play quietly, acts as if 'driven by a motor', talks excessively, blurts answers, difficulty waiting, interrupts/intrudes.
66
What are the three ADHD presentations specified in DSM-5-TR?
Predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive, combined presentation.
67
How is severity of ADHD classified?
Mild: few symptoms beyond required; Moderate: in between; Severe: many symptoms or serious functional impairment.
68
What is a key differential between ADHD and ODD?
ADHD-related noncompliance stems from inattention or impulsivity; ODD involves defiance and negativity toward authority.
69
What differentiates ADHD from Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)?
IED involves severe aggression and lacks sustained attention deficits.
70
How do you distinguish ADHD from Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)?
SLD symptoms are task-specific due to processing deficits; ADHD symptoms are broader and affect multiple settings.
71
What assessments support ADHD diagnosis?
Conners-3, BRIEF, TEA-Ch, Conners CPT, Child Behavior Checklist.
72
List common comorbidities of ADHD.
ODD, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Tic Disorders, Learning Disorders.
73
What defines Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)?
Difficulty in learning and using academic skills (e.g., reading, writing, math) for at least 6 months despite interventions, with performance below age expectations.
74
How is SLD specified by domain?
SLD with impairment in reading, written expression, or mathematics.
75
What key assessments are used for diagnosing SLD?
WISC, WPPSI, WIAT, Woodcock-Johnson, ToWL, Beery VMI, D-KEFS, ABAS.
76
What is a major differential between SLD and ADHD?
SLD symptoms are specific to academic tasks; ADHD symptoms are broader, involving attention and behavior.
77
What is the difference between SLD and Intellectual Disability?
SLD involves average intelligence with specific deficits; ID involves global intellectual and adaptive impairments.
78
What interventions are recommended for students with SLD?
IEP support, assistive tech (voice-to-text, audiobooks), accommodations (extra time, reduced workload), occupational therapy, writing aids.
79
What are common comorbid conditions with SLD?
ADHD, ASD, Anxiety.
80
What classroom supports help children with SLD in math?
Use of calculators, formula sheets, one-on-one support, and reduced load.
81
What writing supports are useful for SLD?
Voice-to-text software, scribe access, oral tests, mind maps.
82
What reading accommodations help students with SLD?
Limit textbook reading, use text-to-speech software, provide summaries.
83
Define a tic in DSM-5-TR.
A sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.
84
What are the diagnostic criteria for Tourette’s Disorder?
Multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic present for over a year, with onset before age 18.
85
What differentiates Persistent Tic Disorder from Tourette’s?
Persistent Tic Disorder involves only motor OR vocal tics (not both) for over a year.
86
What is the diagnosis when tics have been present for less than 1 year?
Provisional Tic Disorder.
87
What are common comorbidities of Tic Disorders?
ADHD, OCD.
88
What tool is used to assess tic severity?
Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS).
89
What is the recommended behavioral treatment for tics?
CBIT – Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics.
90
What should be ruled out in tic disorder assessment?
Neurological disorders and substance use.
91
How do tics differ from OCD behaviors?
Tics are involuntary and non-functional; OCD behaviors are goal-directed.
92
What is a premonitory urge in tic disorders?
A physical sensation that precedes a tic, often described as an itch or tension.
93
What defines a manic episode?
A distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with increased activity or energy lasting at least 1 week, or any duration if hospitalization is required.
94
What symptoms must be present during a manic episode?
At least 3 (or 4 if irritable mood): inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, flight of ideas, distractibility, goal-directed activity, risky behavior.
95
What are common differentials for Bipolar I?
MDD, Bipolar II, Anxiety Disorders, ADHD, Schizoaffective Disorder, Substance-Induced Bipolar Disorder.
96
How is Bipolar I distinguished from ADHD?
Bipolar symptoms are episodic with clear shifts from baseline; ADHD symptoms are chronic.
97
What treatment strategies are used for Bipolar I?
Medication management, psychoeducation, DBT, emotion regulation, sleep hygiene, and interpersonal therapy.
98
What are common comorbidities with Bipolar I?
Anxiety Disorders, ADHD, Substance Use Disorders, Cluster B Personality Disorders.
99
What distinguishes Bipolar I from Schizoaffective Disorder?
Psychotic symptoms in Schizoaffective must occur for 2 weeks outside mood episodes.
100
What is the role of DBT in treating Bipolar I?
Improves emotion regulation, reduces impulsivity, and builds skills for distress tolerance.
101
How is psychosis handled in the context of Bipolar I?
If psychotic symptoms only occur during mood episodes, diagnosis remains Bipolar I with psychotic features.
102
What are developmental considerations in pediatric Bipolar I diagnosis?
Look for episodic changes from baseline; mood and behavior must clearly differ from typical presentation.
103
What defines a hypomanic episode in Bipolar II Disorder?
A distinct period of elevated or irritable mood and increased activity or energy lasting at least 4 consecutive days with at least 3 (or 4 if irritable mood) additional symptoms such as inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and goal-directed activity.
104
What differentiates Bipolar II from Bipolar I?
Bipolar II includes hypomania and depression but no history of manic episodes.
105
What are common comorbidities with Bipolar II?
Anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorders, and migraine.
106
What treatment approaches are used for Bipolar II Disorder?
DBT, psychoeducation, sleep regulation, trauma work, and interpersonal therapy.
107
How is Bipolar II distinguished from Major Depressive Disorder?
MDD lacks any history of hypomania; Bipolar II includes at least one hypomanic episode.
108
What are the DSM-5-TR criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder?
A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, indicated by 5 or more criteria including fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, identity disturbance, impulsivity, suicidal behavior, mood instability, emptiness, intense anger, and stress-related paranoia or dissociation.
109
What is a key differential between BPD and mood disorders?
Mood disorders are episodic while BPD features chronic emotional instability and identity disturbance.
110
What therapeutic model is most effective for treating BPD?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) with individual therapy, skills group, coaching, and therapist consultation.
111
What are the four DBT skills modules used in BPD treatment?
Mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.
112
What is a common comorbid profile for individuals with BPD?
MDD, Bipolar Disorder, Anxiety, PTSD, ADHD, Eating Disorders, other personality disorders.
113
What are the core diagnostic criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?
Severe temper outbursts out of proportion to the situation, occurring 3+ times/week with persistently irritable mood between outbursts, present for 12 months, in at least two settings, with onset before age 10.
114
How does DMDD differ from ODD?
DMDD includes persistent irritable mood and is more impairing; ODD does not include mood symptoms between outbursts.
115
How is DMDD distinguished from Pediatric Bipolar Disorder?
DMDD is non-episodic with chronic irritability; Bipolar involves discrete mood episodes.
116
What is the recommended treatment approach for DMDD?
CBT for frustration tolerance and anger, DBT for emotion regulation and interpersonal skills, and parent training using the ABC model.
117
What comorbidities are common with DMDD?
ADHD, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, ODD.
118
What is the symptom requirement for a Major Depressive Episode?
Five or more symptoms present nearly every day for at least 2 weeks, including either depressed mood or loss of interest, and other symptoms like appetite/sleep changes, fatigue, guilt, concentration issues, or suicidal thoughts.
119
How is MDD differentiated from Persistent Depressive Disorder?
MDD involves episodic symptoms; PDD involves chronic low mood lasting at least one year in children.
120
What are common comorbidities of Major Depressive Disorder?
Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, Eating Disorders, Substance Use.
121
What is the role of behavioral activation in MDD treatment?
To increase engagement in enjoyable or meaningful activities, counteracting avoidance and withdrawal.
122
What cognitive strategies are used in MDD treatment?
Cognitive restructuring, thought records, identifying cognitive distortions.
123
What are the diagnostic criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder?
Depressed or irritable mood for at least 1 year in children with at least two additional symptoms like low self-esteem, hopelessness, or concentration problems.
124
When is a diagnosis of both MDD and PDD appropriate?
If full MDD criteria are met during the 1-year period of persistent depressive symptoms.
125
What are some treatment strategies specific to PDD?
Long-term CBT, mood monitoring, behavioral activation, and building emotion regulation skills.
126
What personality comorbidities are more common in PDD?
Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders.
127
What are helpful self-regulation tools for youth with PDD?
Feeling thermometers, body maps, STOP skills, and self-compassion techniques.
128
What defines Separation Anxiety Disorder?
Developmentally inappropriate fear of separation from attachment figures, lasting at least 1 month and causing significant distress.
129
What differentiates Separation Anxiety from Social Anxiety?
Separation Anxiety focuses on fear of being apart from caregivers, while Social Anxiety involves fear of negative evaluation.
130
What therapeutic components support children with Separation Anxiety?
CBT with gradual exposure, cognitive restructuring, parent training, and school collaboration.
131
What is the role of the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) in anxiety treatment?
To measure perceived anxiety before, during, and after exposures to monitor progress.
132
What parental behaviors can reinforce Separation Anxiety?
Excessive reassurance, sleeping with the child, and allowing avoidance.
133
What defines Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Excessive anxiety and worry about various domains occurring most days for at least 6 months, difficult to control, with at least one somatic symptom in children.
134
How is GAD different from OCD?
GAD involves future-oriented worry; OCD involves intrusive obsessions and compulsions.
135
What are common thinking traps seen in GAD?
Catastrophizing, fortune-telling, overgeneralizing, emotional reasoning, and 'should' statements.
136
What behavioral intervention is effective for GAD?
Exposure to worry-inducing situations, relaxation training, and cognitive restructuring.
137
What ACT techniques support GAD treatment?
Defusion, mindfulness, values clarification, and committed action.
138
What are the DSM-5-TR criteria for Specific Phobia?
Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, avoided or endured with distress, out of proportion, lasting 6+ months.
139
What is the gold standard treatment for Specific Phobia?
Graduated exposure therapy (in vivo, imaginal, or virtual).
140
What differentiates Specific Phobia from Panic Disorder?
Panic attacks in specific phobia are cued by the phobic stimulus; in Panic Disorder, they are unexpected.
141
What is applied tension, and when is it used?
A strategy for Blood-Injection-Injury phobia to prevent fainting by increasing blood pressure through muscle tension.
142
What tools support assessment of phobia severity?
Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS), CBCL, BASC, MASC.
143
What are obsessions and compulsions in OCD?
Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted thoughts; compulsions are repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing distress or preventing feared events.
144
What is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)?
A CBT technique that involves exposing the client to feared stimuli while preventing the usual compulsive response.
145
How does OCD differ from GAD?
OCD thoughts are intrusive and unwanted; GAD worries are future-oriented and typically based in reality.
146
What is family accommodation in OCD?
When family members participate in or enable rituals, which reinforces symptoms.
147
What ACT technique supports OCD treatment?
Defusion—seeing thoughts as mental events rather than facts.
148
What defines Selective Mutism according to DSM-5-TR?
A consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other settings, lasting at least 1 month, interfering with functioning, and not due to lack of language knowledge or another condition.
149
How is Selective Mutism differentiated from Social Anxiety?
Selective Mutism is often comorbid with Social Anxiety but is characterized by situational silence rather than general fear of evaluation.
150
What are effective behavioral treatments for Selective Mutism?
Shaping, stimulus fading, reinforcement, modeling, and verbal prompting in gradually more challenging speaking situations.
151
What criteria define a Panic Attack in DSM-5-TR?
An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort with 4 or more physical or cognitive symptoms (e.g., palpitations, sweating, derealization, fear of dying), peaking within minutes.
152
What distinguishes Panic Disorder from GAD?
Panic Disorder involves unexpected panic attacks and fear of additional attacks; GAD involves chronic worry and expected worry-related panic.
153
What treatment strategies are central to Panic Disorder?
Interoceptive exposure, cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining, and SSRIs.
154
How is OCD differentiated from psychotic disorders?
OCD lacks disorganized thought and hallucinations; obsessions are ego-dystonic, even when insight is poor.
155
What role does family accommodation play in OCD severity?
Increased family accommodation is linked to more severe OCD and worse outcomes due to reinforcement of compulsions.
156
How does ERP target the obsession-compulsion cycle?
ERP prevents the compulsion after exposure to the obsession, promoting habituation and reducing anxiety.
157
What are the three symptom domains of ODD?
Angry/Irritable Mood, Argumentative/Defiant Behavior, and Vindictiveness.
158
How is ODD severity determined?
Based on number of settings where symptoms are present: mild (1), moderate (2), severe (3+).
159
What are key parenting interventions for ODD?
Consistent consequences, positive reinforcement, ABC model, and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions.
160
What are the two types of aggressive outbursts in IED?
Verbal/physical outbursts without damage (2x/week for 3 months) or 3 behavioral outbursts causing damage/injury in 12 months.
161
How is IED differentiated from Conduct Disorder?
IED aggression is impulsive, not premeditated or goal-oriented.
162
What treatments are recommended for IED?
Impulse control training, emotion regulation skills, CBT, and medication as needed.
163
What are the core features of Conduct Disorder?
A repetitive pattern of violating the rights of others or age-appropriate norms, including aggression, destruction, deceit/theft, or serious rule violations.
164
What is the 'Limited Prosocial Emotions' specifier in CD?
Indicates lack of remorse, callousness, unconcern about performance, or shallow affect.
165
How is severity rated in Conduct Disorder?
Mild, Moderate, or Severe, based on number of symptoms and degree of harm.
166
What defines Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?
Persistent failure to meet nutritional needs due to avoidance or restriction not explained by body image concerns, with weight loss, nutritional deficiency, or psychosocial impairment.
167
How is Anorexia Nervosa diagnosed?
Restriction of intake, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbance in self-perception of weight/shape.
168
What distinguishes Bulimia Nervosa from Anorexia?
Bulimia involves recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, with normal or above normal body weight.
169
What are the criteria for Binge-Eating Disorder?
Recurrent binge eating without compensatory behaviors, associated with distress and occurring at least weekly for 3 months.
170
What common treatments are used across eating disorders?
CBT-E, psychoeducation, family therapy, nutrition support, and SSRIs.
171
What are the symptom clusters of PTSD in children over 6?
Intrusion, Avoidance, Negative Mood/Cognition, and Arousal/Reactivity.
172
What defines a traumatic stressor in PTSD?
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence (direct, witnessed, or indirect).
173
What evidence-based treatments are used for PTSD in youth?
TF-CBT, EMDR, psychoeducation, gradual exposure, and caregiver involvement.
174
What is required to diagnose Adjustment Disorder?
Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor occurring within 3 months of the stressor and resolving within 6 months after stressor ends.
175
What are the specifiers for Adjustment Disorder?
With depressed mood, with anxiety, with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, with disturbance of conduct, with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct, unspecified.
176
When is Global Developmental Delay diagnosed?
In children under 5 who fail to meet developmental milestones and cannot be reliably assessed with standardized tests.
177
What distinguishes Unspecified ID from Intellectual Disability?
Used when full criteria for ID cannot be confirmed due to insufficient information or evaluation barriers.
178
What defines Language Disorder?
Difficulties in acquisition and use of language due to reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, or impairments in discourse.
179
What distinguishes Speech Sound Disorder?
Persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with communication.
180
What assessments support diagnosis of speech and language disorders?
CELF-5, articulation screening, SLP evaluations, and hearing tests.
181
What is Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder?
Also known as stuttering, involves disturbances in speech fluency including sound repetitions, prolongations, and blocking.
182
What defines Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure?
A pattern of behavioral and neurocognitive impairments linked to confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure, including executive function, memory, and adaptive deficits.
183
What are common features of FASD?
Facial anomalies, growth deficits, neurocognitive impairments, poor impulse control, learning issues, and difficulty with social judgment.
184
What is the significance of specifiers in DSM-5-TR diagnoses?
Specifiers help describe the current presentation, severity, and co-occurring features of a disorder and guide treatment planning.
185
What does the 'with limited prosocial emotions' specifier indicate in Conduct Disorder?
Lack of remorse or guilt, callousness, unconcern about performance, and shallow or deficient affect.
186
What is the difference between mild, moderate, and severe Conduct Disorder?
Mild: minor harm to others (e.g., lying); Moderate: intermediate severity; Severe: multiple serious problems (e.g., forced sex, cruelty).
187
What are the specifiers for Major Depressive Disorder?
With anxious distress, mixed features, melancholic, atypical, psychotic features, seasonal pattern, peripartum onset.
188
How is severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder assessed?
Severity is rated separately for social communication and restrictive/repetitive behaviors across three levels based on support needs.
189
How does functional impairment factor into DSM-5-TR diagnosis?
A diagnosis requires clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, or other important areas of functioning.
190
Why is cross-setting impairment critical for ADHD diagnosis?
Symptoms must occur in at least two settings (e.g., home, school) to rule out situational issues.
191
What does 'clinically significant distress' mean in diagnosis?
Symptoms cause distress or impairment beyond what is expected for the individual’s developmental level.
192
What is the dissociative subtype of PTSD?
PTSD with prominent symptoms of depersonalization and/or derealization.
193
What is the difference between depersonalization and derealization?
Depersonalization: feeling detached from oneself. Derealization: feeling the world is unreal.
194
How do children show PTSD differently than adults?
Through behavioral re-enactment, new fears, somatic complaints, and regression.
195
What role does insight play in OCD diagnosis?
OCD can occur with good, poor, or absent insight, affecting response to treatment.
196
What differentiates OCD from Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
BDD obsessions focus on perceived physical flaws and may involve mirror checking or grooming.
197
What distinguishes binge eating in Bulimia from BED?
Bulimia includes compensatory behaviors; BED does not.
198
What is the minimum frequency of behaviors for Bulimia and BED diagnosis?
At least once a week for 3 months.
199
What is 'restricting type' vs 'binge-eating/purging type' in Anorexia Nervosa?
Restricting: weight loss through dieting/fasting/exercise only. Binge-purge: includes binge eating or purging.
200
How does FASD affect executive functioning?
Difficulties with inhibition, planning, working memory, and self-monitoring.
201
What distinguishes Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder from Autism?
SCD lacks restricted/repetitive behaviors and focuses on difficulties using language socially.
202
What executive function tools support children with ADHD?
Visual schedules, to-do lists, timers, task chunking, and frequent reminders.
203
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
Fear is an emotional response to real threat; anxiety is anticipation of future threat.
204
How does selective mutism differ from willful refusal to speak?
Selective mutism is anxiety-driven and not oppositional.
205
What differentiates GAD from Adjustment Disorder with anxiety?
GAD is chronic and generalized; adjustment disorder occurs after a stressor and resolves when stress ends.
206
How is emotional dysregulation expressed in ODD?
Frequent temper loss, irritability, and low frustration tolerance.
207
Why is early intervention important for disruptive behavior disorders?
To prevent escalation into conduct problems, academic failure, and adult antisocial behavior.
208
How can anxiety and ADHD co-present?
Anxiety may cause inattention from worry; ADHD causes inattention from distractibility or impulsivity.
209
Why is mood monitoring important in depression treatment?
To track progress, identify patterns, and guide behavioral activation planning.
210
Why must developmental level be considered in diagnosis?
Behaviors must be excessive for age/development, not just atypical compared to adults.
211
What are culturally-informed considerations in diagnosing ASD?
Cultural norms around eye contact, play, and social reciprocity must be accounted for.
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What is the timeline for diagnosing PTSD vs. Acute Stress Disorder?
PTSD: symptoms last >1 month. ASD: symptoms last 3 days to 1 month.
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What caregiver behaviors may contribute to anxiety in children?
Overprotection, modeling anxiety, reinforcing avoidance.
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What does the 'with disturbance of conduct' specifier indicate in Adjustment Disorder?
Behavioral symptoms such as aggression, rule-breaking, or defiance are prominent.
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What is distress tolerance in DBT?
Skills that help individuals survive emotional crises without making things worse.
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What is mindfulness used for in CBT?
To increase awareness of thoughts/emotions and promote emotion regulation.
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What is behavioral activation?
A technique to increase engagement in rewarding activities to counteract depression.
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How does ACT differ from CBT?
ACT emphasizes acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action rather than challenging thoughts.
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What is graded exposure?
Gradual exposure to feared situations or stimuli, starting with least anxiety-provoking.
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What is the role of validation in DBT?
Communicating that an individual’s experience makes sense and is understandable.
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What are risk factors for depression in youth?
Family history, trauma, low self-esteem, academic failure, peer rejection.
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What are protective factors against emotional disorders?
Secure attachment, strong peer connections, emotion regulation skills, supportive caregivers.
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What does the Conners-3 assess?
ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, and disruptive behaviors.
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What does the CY-BOCS measure?
Severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children.
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What is the purpose of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales?
To assess daily living skills, communication, and socialization.
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What should be assessed when a child reports suicidal thoughts?
Plan, intent, access to means, protective factors, and supervision.
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How can therapists build rapport with resistant youth?
Using validation, curiosity, shared activities, and interest in their perspectives.
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Why are functional assessments used in behavioral cases?
To understand the purpose of a behavior and inform intervention planning.
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What defines Selective Mutism according to DSM-5-TR?
A consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in other settings, lasting at least 1 month, interfering with functioning, and not due to lack of language knowledge or another condition.
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How is Selective Mutism differentiated from Social Anxiety?
Selective Mutism is often comorbid with Social Anxiety but is characterized by situational silence rather than general fear of evaluation.
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What are effective behavioral treatments for Selective Mutism?
Shaping, stimulus fading, reinforcement, modeling, and verbal prompting in gradually more challenging speaking situations.
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What criteria define a Panic Attack in DSM-5-TR?
An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort with 4 or more physical or cognitive symptoms (e.g., palpitations, sweating, derealization, fear of dying), peaking within minutes.
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What distinguishes Panic Disorder from GAD?
Panic Disorder involves unexpected panic attacks and fear of additional attacks; GAD involves chronic worry and expected worry-related panic.
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What treatment strategies are central to Panic Disorder?
Interoceptive exposure, cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining, and SSRIs.
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How is OCD differentiated from psychotic disorders?
OCD lacks disorganized thought and hallucinations; obsessions are ego-dystonic, even when insight is poor.
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What role does family accommodation play in OCD severity?
Increased family accommodation is linked to more severe OCD and worse outcomes due to reinforcement of compulsions.
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How does ERP target the obsession-compulsion cycle?
ERP prevents the compulsion after exposure to the obsession, promoting habituation and reducing anxiety.
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What are the three symptom domains of ODD?
Angry/Irritable Mood, Argumentative/Defiant Behavior, and Vindictiveness.
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How is ODD severity determined?
Based on number of settings where symptoms are present: mild (1), moderate (2), severe (3+).
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What are key parenting interventions for ODD?
Consistent consequences, positive reinforcement, ABC model, and Collaborative & Proactive Solutions.
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What are the two types of aggressive outbursts in IED?
Verbal/physical outbursts without damage (2x/week for 3 months) or 3 behavioral outbursts causing damage/injury in 12 months.
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How is IED differentiated from Conduct Disorder?
IED aggression is impulsive, not premeditated or goal-oriented.
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What treatments are recommended for IED?
Impulse control training, emotion regulation skills, CBT, and medication as needed.
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What are the core features of Conduct Disorder?
A repetitive pattern of violating the rights of others or age-appropriate norms, including aggression, destruction, deceit/theft, or serious rule violations.
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What is the 'Limited Prosocial Emotions' specifier in CD?
Indicates lack of remorse, callousness, unconcern about performance, or shallow affect.
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How is severity rated in Conduct Disorder?
Mild, Moderate, or Severe, based on number of symptoms and degree of harm.
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What defines Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?
Persistent failure to meet nutritional needs due to avoidance or restriction not explained by body image concerns, with weight loss, nutritional deficiency, or psychosocial impairment.
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How is Anorexia Nervosa diagnosed?
Restriction of intake, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbance in self-perception of weight/shape.
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What distinguishes Bulimia Nervosa from Anorexia?
Bulimia involves recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, with normal or above normal body weight.
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What are the criteria for Binge-Eating Disorder?
Recurrent binge eating without compensatory behaviors, associated with distress and occurring at least weekly for 3 months.
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What common treatments are used across eating disorders?
CBT-E, psychoeducation, family therapy, nutrition support, and SSRIs.
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What are the symptom clusters of PTSD in children over 6?
Intrusion, Avoidance, Negative Mood/Cognition, and Arousal/Reactivity.
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What defines a traumatic stressor in PTSD?
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence (direct, witnessed, or indirect).
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What evidence-based treatments are used for PTSD in youth?
TF-CBT, EMDR, psychoeducation, gradual exposure, and caregiver involvement.
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What is required to diagnose Adjustment Disorder?
Emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor occurring within 3 months of the stressor and resolving within 6 months after stressor ends.
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What are the specifiers for Adjustment Disorder?
With depressed mood, with anxiety, with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, with disturbance of conduct, with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct, unspecified.
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When is Global Developmental Delay diagnosed?
In children under 5 who fail to meet developmental milestones and cannot be reliably assessed with standardized tests.
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What distinguishes Unspecified ID from Intellectual Disability?
Used when full criteria for ID cannot be confirmed due to insufficient information or evaluation barriers.
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What defines Language Disorder?
Difficulties in acquisition and use of language due to reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, or impairments in discourse.
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What distinguishes Speech Sound Disorder?
Persistent difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with communication.
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What assessments support diagnosis of speech and language disorders?
CELF-5, articulation screening, SLP evaluations, and hearing tests.
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What is Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder?
Also known as stuttering, involves disturbances in speech fluency including sound repetitions, prolongations, and blocking.
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What defines Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure?
A pattern of behavioral and neurocognitive impairments linked to confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure, including executive function, memory, and adaptive deficits.
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What are common features of FASD?
Facial anomalies, growth deficits, neurocognitive impairments, poor impulse control, learning issues, and difficulty with social judgment.
