QLTS Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Do shares in partnerships attract Inheritance Tax?
A
Value of partnership share will not attract IHT if owned for longer than 2 years.
2
Q
If a trial is conducted where a former employee is suing your firm for dismissing him based on sexuality - will SRA have any regard to the outcome of the trial in respect of the firm’s operations and compliance with the SRA Code of Conduct?
A
SRA will likely regard the firm as having breached its obligations in equality and diversity by virtue of the trial outcome per se, although this is not definite.
3
Q
Are coins ‘goods’ for the purposes of EU law?
A
Coins which are legal tender are not goods.
4
Q
What is the standing requirement in judicial review proceedings for HRA cases?
A
The ‘victim’ test.
*Note: this is narrower than the ‘sufficient interest’ test.
5
Q
If buyer makes a purchase of a car after he is told verbally that it is first hand, but it turns out it is not and that term is not expressly included in the written contract, what is the legal position?
A
Consumer Rights Act 2015, any information which is then taken into account by the consumer when entering into a contract, is deemed to be part of the contract.
6
Q
Woman enters into contract with company’s directors knowing that it exceeds the articles of association of the company. IS the contract binding?
A
s40 Companies Act: person dealing with the company is entitled to assume that directors have full power to bind company, even if they are aware of limitation on the powers of the directors.
7
Q
Solicitor accepts money from client but transfers into personal account instead of business account, which of the following best states solicitor’s criminal liability under Fraud Act 2006?
A
Fraud by abuse of position.
8
Q
Which of the following are zero-rated for VAT:
- Children’s clothes
- Children’s books
- Hot takeaways and home deliveries
A
The first two. Food is usually zero-rated except for hot takeaways and home deliveries and food eaten in premises.
9
Q
When will a grant of mortgage trigger first registration?
A
grant of a mortgage over an unregistered leasehold estate with more than 7 years left to run will trigger compulsory first registration.
10
Q
What is the method by which the legality of an act of EU institution can be challenged?
A
Action for annulment
*Note: not preliminary ruling as that is for validity of European law
11
Q
Property owner employed renowned architect to renovate barn, architect contracted electrician to do rewiring. Postman entered property to deliver letter and was electrocuted. What is the property owners’ liability under Occupier’s Liability Act 1957?
A
Not liable because damage is by negligence of an independent contractor. Property owner was reasonable in hiring a renowned architect so no duty to supervise.
12
Q
What does Govt minister have to do in respect of HRA and ECHR when executing bill’s throgh Parliament?
A
He must make written statement (note: must not may) that he considers bill to be compatible or that he is unable to make such statement but wishes to proceed with the bill anyway.
13
Q
When does following, as opposed to tracing, occur?
A
Following can occur where legal title to trust property has not passed and it has not been mixed with any other property. If it has been mixed (e.g. paid into bank account containing other money), then it cannot be followed, only traced.
14
Q
Charitable trust wishes to purchase building to be used as office space for itself, but property market is in decline and the value will likely decline. Trust instrument contains no provisions relating to land. What can be done?
A
s8 of Trustee Act 2000 gives trustees an unrestricted power to acquire freehold or leasehold land as an investment, for occupation by the beneficiary or for any other reason.
15
Q
Woman falls behind in mortgage payments and bank wishes to exercise power of sale. At what point is the right to redeem the mortgage lost?
A
When the mortgagee enters into a contract for sale of the property.
16
Q
Man and wife agree to kill a man by luring him to woods and then shooting him. Woman’s car breaks down on the day. Are they guilty of conspiracy?
A
s2(2) of Criminal Law Act 1977 provides that spousal agreements do not amount to statutory conspiracy. HOWEVER, if there is a third party to the agreement, then they can, together, be guilty of conspiracy.
17
Q
How do partnerships split capital and profits?
A
in the absence of a partnership agreement, they will share capital and profits equally.
18
Q
Sole trustee wants to go travelling for a year so appoints a man in her place under a power of attorney. Is this valid?
A
No, although possible for trustee to delegate their office to an attorney under s25 of Trustee Act 1925, only possible where the donee of the power will not be the only trustee in office.
19
Q
Do retiring partner believes that once retired, he will have no liability for debts incurred whilst working for partnership. Is he right?
A
No. Retiring partners remain liable for debts incurred whilst they were partner, unless the retiring partner is discharged from any existing liabilities by an agreement to that effect between himself and members of the firm and creditors.
20
Q
If the name of a partnership does not contain all the members, what is the legal position regarding the details of all partners on (a) letterheads (b) at each place of business and (c) to anyone who asks?
A
The names must be displayed in all of the cases.
21
Q
Proprietor of a property holds on to long lease with 860 years left to run. She has charged by way of legal mortgage over the leasehold estate to a bank. She wishes to grant sublease for two years over the property. Can she?
A
Yes. s99 LPA 1925 gives mortgagor statutory right to grant leases over mortgaged property which will bind the mortgagor and their mortgagee, but this is frequently excluded by the mortgage deed.
22
Q
How can the lack of horizontal direct effect of directives be side-stepped?
A
Through indirect effect where Member State must construe national legislation in line with provisions with EU law.
Note: indirect effect can only be used where the Member State has failed to implement a directive at all, or where it has failed to implement a directive correctly.
23
Q
Can a solicitor of a non-FCA authorised firm advise a corporate client on the buying of shares of a public company?
A
Yes you can as advising a corporate client to buy shares in a public company is an exception to the rule that you should not advise a client to buy shares traded on an investment exchange.
24
Q
Which of the following will be deducted from estate of deceased when calculating IHT?
- Mortgage; credit card bill; income tax bill; funeral expenses; solicitors costs for will
A
Everything except the solicitors costs.
25
Company is seeking annulment of the EC's decision by making an application to the Registry of the General Court, in respect of bringing an action against the Commission. What is the time limit for bringing such an action?
Two months from the relevant day i.e. from publication of measure in question, or of its notification to the claimant or from the day it came to or should have come to the claimant's attention
26
What does novus actus interveniens mean? Directness of (i) damage (ii) remoteness (iii) foreseeability?
Remoteness
27
Within what time frame does a shareholder get to see a company's annual reports?
Within 5 months of the end of Financial year
28
How to enforce a gift to an unincorporated association?
Contract holding theory: an outright gift to the members as JTs subject to their own contractual obligations.
29
Man enters jewellery shop and pretends to be someone else to buy jewellery by fake cheque then sells jewellery to somebody else. Is the contract void for mistake?
Contract is not void for mistake and innocent third party who is now in possession is entitled to retain them.
30
What is the dualist theory in relation to how international law is implemented into domestic law?
It is the doctrine of transformation, where international law only forms part of domestic law if accepted as such by statute or by judicial decisions.
31
Is past consideration sufficient to make a valid agreement?
No, past consideration is not good consideration.
32
If husband owned partnership share for 18 months, then died and passed to wife who held for 6 months then died and passed to daughter. Will Business relief be available?
Yes, business relief available if held for more than 2 years. If the person who inherits is spouse or civil partner, the time they held it will count towards the period of holding.
33
If several undertakings reach an agreement the effect of which leads to an appreciable restriction of competition, what is the effect at law?
It becomes automatically void at law (note: not just unenforceable)
34
What does the principle of proportionality entail?
It is the fair balance between the demands of the general interest of the community and the requirements of the protection of the individual's convention rights.
35
Can an non-EU national continue to reside in EU country after divorce?
Yes, provided the marriage lasted 3 years including 1 year in the member state.
36
Within how many days of conviction must notice be given to Magistrate's court and to prosecution that one wishes to appeal his conviction?
Within 21 days of sentence being passed.
37
How can a trust be varied?
With the consent of the beneficiaries, but if the beneficiaries are minors, with the consent of the court.
38
Woman who is freehold owner grants a lease for 99 years over the ground floor flat in favour of her friend. The registration of the lease fails, is the friend protected?
The grant of a lease for more than 7 years is a registrable disposition for the purposes of the Land Registration Act 2002. Therefore until the lease is registered, the legal estate that it creates cannot pass to lessee and friend only has benefit of a contract to grant the lease, which is in the form of a estate contract. Such an interest is protected by way of notice in the charges register of the burdened title.
39
What is the threshold for relying on the 'incidental' exemption for professional firms when your firm made 450k from investment business activity out of 1,000,000 profits?
The threshold is 50%, so you might be able to rely on incidental exemption.
40
Is a legal interest necessary to bring a claim in private nuisance?
Yes, normally only those who have a legal interest in the land affected (i.e. freehold or tenancy) can sue in private nuisance. Not mere relative or visitor.
41
At which courts can you seek a declaration of incompatibility?
High Courts and above (Court of Appeal and Supreme Court)
42
Company would like to appoint director, and director wants guaranteed employment for at least 5 years, what are the regulations regarding guaranteed employment?
Director's service contracts cannot guarantee employment for more than 2 years unless members of the company approves longer period.
43
Can the Freedom of Expression in be limited for foreigners?
yes it can, but other member states nationals are not considered foreigners.
44
What effect do ECtHR judgements have on national courts and governments?
Not binding on national courts but binding on the affected governments.
45
What is a power of appointment under a trust?
power of appointment gives the trustees the ability to pay capital assets from the trust to a person/persons of their choosing.
46
Is total destruction of goods necessary for contract to be frustrated?
No, mere destruction of merchantable quality of the goods is sufficient.
47
What is the threshold for EU provisions against cartels and collusions to bite?
the individual company's market share must be greater than 15%.
48
What is the offence of aggravated trespass?
it is committed when a person trespasses on land when a lawful activity is taking place on that land and does anything intending to intimidate, obstruct or disrupt that activity.
49
What is the threshold for claims of personal injury for claims to be commenced in the high court?
above 50,000 pounds.
50
What is the standard of care for professional professing to have a special skill?
The standard is that of the ordinary skilled person exercising and professing to have that skill.
51
How often can income tax be paid?
In two instalments, one during the tax year and one following the tax year.
52
How are treaties ratified and by whom?
They are ratified by the government under the royal prerogative.
53
What is the difference between an injunction and a super injunction?
It is a prohibition on the communication or disclosure of the existence of the order and the proceedings
54
How are recorders appointed?
By the Queen, on the advice of the Lord Chancellor.
55
How much notice is required of a public assembly?
Notice of assembly not normally required.
56
If a firm is authorised by FCA to carry out certain regulated activities but they offer investment advice for which they do not have authorisation, is there a criminal offence committed?
No offence committed. Firms who act outside scope of authority will not have committed an offence.
57
Are television signals goods for the purposes of EU Law?
No, because they are not tangible assets but a set of services.
58
If a mortgagee bank wants to collect rent from a tenant of the property without assuming the rights of landlord, what should it do?
Appoint a receiver
59
Which is the most appropriate court to commence human rights claim?
Administrative Court of the Queens Bench Division
60
Can an oral lease be surrendered at law?
Yes any kind of lease can be surrendered by operation of law as long as the landlord and tenant act in an unequivocal manner and in a way that is inconsistent with the continuation of the lease.
61
Solicitors account rules: If a mixed payment contains both office money and out of scope money, what must be done?
Transfer into the office account and transfer the out of scope money out within 2 working days.
62
The minimum authorised amount for share capital of a public company is ?
50,000 pounds, of which at least 25% must be fully paid up.
63
What is the measure of damages by which english courts should award damages on convention grounds?
In considering an award of damages on convention grounds, english courts are to take into account the principles applied by the ECtHR in awarding damages so that claimants will be able to receive compensation from a domestic court equivalent to what they would have received in Strasbourg.
64
Director owns 50 acres of land and wishes to sell the land at market value of 200k to company. Can he do so?
Yes, with ordinary resolution at a general meeting or a written resolution. Transaction of a non-cash asset over 100k (or 10% of the company's net value) between a director and their company must be approved by an ordinary resolution or written resolution.
65
Can the ECtHR commence a case on its own motion?
No it cannot, it can only hear complaints regarding breaches after individual or inter-state applications are initiated.
66
Defendant asserts that at time of entering contract he was suffering from mental illness and unable to form contract. What should be done?
Defendant must prove (not claimant!) that he did not understand nature of contract and claimant was aware of his impairment.
67
How does the ECtHR ascertain the admissibility of applications
Through a three-judge filtering committee.
68
What is the role of the supreme court?
it is the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and civil cases in Scotland and the arbiter of disputes in relation to devolution and laws made by the governments/assemblies of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
69
You are a solicitor investigating title to an unregistered car park and the seller has deduced title to you and the good root of title makes references to the land using measurements from fixed points in teh ground. The good root of title does not include a plan. Can you request this?
No, the description of the property is adequate and you are prevented from raising a requisition requesting the delivery of all pre-root documents under one containing a plan is produced. A verbal description of the property containing measurements is sufficient to enable the property to be identified and therefore title has been deduced.
70
What is an essential element of a lease?
Exclusive possession. The absence of rent is not an essential feature of a lease.
71
How does ECtHR encourage unnecessary action between parties?
Friendly settlement.
72
Who can order a retrial if new evidence comes to light many years after an accused's acquittal?
Court of appeal must order a re-trial if there is new and compelling evidence and it is in the interests of justice for such an order to be made.
73
What is the best description of a charge by way of legal mortgage?
A package of statutory and contractual rights granted over the mortgagor's property, with ownership remaining with the mortgagor.
74
What is the highest court of Northern Ireland?
The Supreme Court. It is the highest court of appeal in England and Wales and Northern Ireland.
75
Does a prisoner have a right to conduct face to face visits with journalist?
Yes he does, under freedom of expression.
76
Unlawful delegation gives rise to what ground of judicial review?
JR on the grounds of illegality.
77
What is the role of the Lord Chief Justice?
Head of the judiciary of England and Wales.
78
How long do self-employed individuals have to file their income tax statements?
They won't have to inform until up to 6 months of the end of the tax year.
79
Is there a duty to give reason in English adminstrative law?
No, no general duty to give reasons.
80
Convicted sex offender is placed on a register indefinitely with no right of review, does this breach right to privacy?
Yes, where there is no provision for individual review of the requirements, it would be a disproportionate interference.
81
Are domestic fuel and power subject to standard or reduced rate VAT?
Reduced rate VAT.
82
If a mortgage deed only confers power of possession and not power of sale, can the mortgagee sell?
Yes, although no express power of sale, mortgagee can rely upon statutory power of sale conferred by LPA 1925 because interest due on mortgage is more than 2 months in arrears.
83
Woman grants lease to man, who grants sub-lease to another friend. Man falls behind in payments and woman issues proceedings to forfeit man's lease. what is the outcome?
Both man's and friend's leases have determined and both can apply for relief from forfeiture.
84
What does the removal of a director require?
Directors must be removed by a general meeting requiring member's ordinary resolution passed by a simple majority.
85
How can beneficiaries force the replacement of a trustee?
Provided that (1) no appointer has been named in the trust instrument; (2) the beneficiaries are all of full age and capacity; (3) the beneficiaries are together absolutely entitled to trust property; (4) at least two trustees will remain (5) outgoing trustee replaced or consent of other two trustees sought, they can give all three trustees written direction for that trustee to be replaced.
86
Company agreed to sell barrels of crude oil to a petrol company but due to terrorist attack the canal was closed meaning the normal route had passed and the only alternative route was to ship the oil round the coast of africa, tripling delivery cost. Is the contract frustrated?
No, a contract will remain binding even if the means or method of performance had become impossible (or more expensive or difficult to perform).
87
Under ECtHR jurisprudence, do trade unions have standing to bring proceedings?
No, trade union applications have been consistently rejected.
88
A woman owns unpaid shares and she wants to transfer them to her husband. Can she do this?
While shares remain unpaid, directors can refuse to register the transfer to the husband if they do not approve of the transaction.
89
How long do judges in the ECtHR hold office? and what is the process for an MS to nominate?
They are elected for a period of nine years and they may not be re-elected. MS nominate three candidates each who are elected by parliamentary assembly of the council of europe.
90
Can a man who is a trustee give valid receipt for sale proceeds to overreach equitable interests?
Normally need two trustees unless the remaining trustee is also the deceased's personal representative.
91
Should a HMRC charge in respect of liability for inheritance tax be an agreed notice or unilateral notice?
Agreed notice.
92
Can a person conspire with a victim to carry out a criminal act?
No. CLA 1977 states that a person is exempt from liability for statutory conspiracy if the only other person or persons with whom he agrees are (both initially and at all times during the currency of the agreement) an intended victim of that offence or each of those offences.
93
Where a charge extends to one proprietor's equitable interest only, how should it be noted?
It should be protected by a restriction.
94
What is the procedure by which an ECtHR judge can be dismissed?
Other judges must decide by a 2/3 majority to dismiss the delinquent judge.
95
What is necessary for defence of volenti non fit injura?
Where defendant can prove that claimant was aware of the risk, knew of the risk of harm or injury and had voluntarily submitted to that risk.
96
What is the procedure whereby council of ministers will use majority rather than unanimous procedure?
65% of the Member States representing at least 55% of the European population.
97
What are the requirements for acquiring or disposing of a substantial non-cash asset from or to a director?
Must be authorised by ordinary resolution of the members where (A) the value of the asset exceeds 100k or (B) the value of asset is greater than 10% of company's net asset value.
98
What are the benefits of establishing a charitable trust?
They are not subject to the rule against perpetuities, not required to act unanimously but they are subject to control by the state.
99
How many judges are there in chambers of the ECtHR?
Chambers of 7 judges and Grand Chamber of 17 Judges.
100
When an unincorporated association dissolves, what happens to the property?
If contractual provisions identify how to distribute such property, they will be followed, if not distributed in equal shares.
101
What happens when a member of parliament dies?
Once elected, MPs normally serve until next dissolution of parliament, If a member dies or ceases to be qualified, his seat falls vacant. Where there is a vacant seat the usual procedure is for the party who held the seat to put down a motion in the house to move a writ, triggering a by-elction in that constituency.
102
Does the law place a higher standard on privacy injunctions with other applications for interim relief?
The HRA places a higher hurdle before privacy injunction than that which applies in non-HRA cases of interim relief, where it is only necessary to show a "serious issue to be tried".
103
Is there a right of silence in the Convention?
The right to silence is protected by the Convention but not expressly. it is subsumed under Art 6(1) of the Convention and the right is not absolute.
104
Can a partner compete with the business of a partnership?
No he cannot and he must account to the firm for any profits and the other partner can obtain injunction relief to restrain continued trading.
105
Must a company have a managing director?
No it is not compulsory for a company to have a managing director, although it is usual practice for such an appointment to be made to a natural person.
106
Who has the burden of proof under the Consumer Protection Act 1987?
The consumer must prove that the product was defective and that the defect caused her damage, whilst the pharmaceutical company has the burden of proof to show there was no increased relative risk of the injuries she complains of.
107
What are the wheeldon v burrows requirements?
(1) Must be used for benefit of the first house before disposition of the field (2) continuous and apparent, (3) in use at the time of disposition and (4) necessary for the reasonable enjoyment
108
What is the full title of the lord chancellor?
Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice
109
If woman only viewed events of accident through television and identified her fiance (the deceased) at the morgue 7 hours later, would she be able to claim as secondary victim?
No, must perceive with own senses, not enough to view on television.
110
What is the time limit for instituting proceedings under HRA 1998?
Within 1 year of the date the act complained of took place.
111
Are collective agreements legally binding?
No, they are aspirational agreements and not contracts in the legal sense and not enforceable at law.
112
What is the definition of criminal damage under the Criminal Damage Act 1971?
The act does not define damage, it depends on the particular facts.
113
What is the role of the Lord Chief Justice?
Head of the judiciary of England and Wales.
114
What is the procedure for ratifying a treaty?
Treaty that is to be ratified is to be published and laid before Parliament - period of 21 sitting days beginning with the sitting day after a copy of the treaty is laid before Parliament in which either house may resolve that the treaty should not be ratified. If the 21 sitting days expire with no such resolution being passed by either house, government can proceed to ratify.
115
What is the definition of real property?
It is an interest in land. Includes buildings (but a greenhouse would not be considered a building).
116
Can you disclose the content of a audio recording of a child witness?
You cannot release the recording to your client unless this is necessary in the course of preparing his defence.
117
How does murder affect the doctirne of survivorship?
If the wife is responsible for the husband's death, the forfeiture rule prevents her from inheriting his share. It operates a bit like a severance of JT and their shares will pass to their estates in accordance with respective wills.
118
Are there exemptions to the EU treaty provision on collusion and cartels?
An exemption may be allowed if companies can show that their agreement will contribute to improving the distribution of their goods and will actually allow consumers a fair share of the resulting benefit.
119
Man was cheating on wife and wanting to leave her but didn't reveal this and made her take out mortgage. Does the husband's misconduct allow the charge to be set aside?
Hewett v First Plus Financial Group: Yes, although the woman's will and intention were not completely overborne, the concealment of the affair would constitute undue influence.
120
Can a company which is a mortgage lending company loan to its directors?
yes and the seeking of members resolution will not apply because the lending is in the ordinary course of business.
121
Is SRA permitted to seek verification from a firm's solicitors, staff and clients and banks?
Yes, SRA appointee is entitled to seek verification from clients and staff and from banks, building societies and other financial institutions used by the solicitor. The solicitor must, if necessary, provide written permission for the information to be given. But not entitled to take original documents away, only photocopies on request.
122
Company agreed to sell barrels of crude oil to a petrol company but due to terrorist attack the canal was closed meaning the normal route had passed and the only alternative route was to ship the oil round the coast of africa, tripling delivery cost. Is the contract frustrated?
No, a contract will remain binding even if the means or method of performance had become impossible (or more expensive or difficult to perform).
123
Does the need to get consent of life interest beneficiaries to apply power of advancement to remainder interest hodler apply when the trust is discretionary?
No it does not.
124
Are language requirements permissible on a worker from EU country under the TFEU?
Provided the level of knowledge of the language required is not disproportionately high, and the requirement is applied in a non-discriminatory manner, then a language requirement is permissible under the treaty on the grounds of public policy.
125
Does statutory authority excuse nuisance?
Statutory authority excuses nuisances if the activities are carried on reasonably.
126
Do reversionary leases of less than 3 years need to be registered at HM Land Registry?
Yes, reversionary leases where it is not granted to give possession to the tenant immediately must always be registered in order to take effect at law, regardless of their term.
127
How is a senior judge removed from office?
By way of resolution of both Houses of Parliament. Justices are not subject to term limits and hold office until retirement.
128
What is the definition of 'property' in relation to theft?
Property includes money and all other property, real or personal, including things in action and other intangible property.
129
What is the maximum term for disqualification due to general misconduct in connection with companies?
The maximum term of disqualification for general misconduct in connection with companies or wrongful trading is 15 years. Maximum term for persistent default in filing requirements is 5 years.
130
What is the role of nominal damages in tort?
Nominal damages in tort are intended to effectively vindicate the right that has been infringed
131
What is the requirement to be appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court?
Must have held high judicial office for a period of at least two years OR have been a qualifying practitioner for at least 15 years.
132
How was the Convention introduced into UK law?
The UK ratified the Convention by using the royal prerogative.
133
If the legal date for redemption has passed, does the woman still have the right to redeem the mortgage?
The woman still has an equitable right to redeem the mortgage on payment of the capital balance plus interest and costs.
134
In an action for defamation, does a judge or jury determine if the statement was capable of being defamatory and if the statement was in fact defamatory?
Determination of whether the statement was capable of being defamatory and whether statement was in fact defamatory is matter for judge. Defamation Act 2013 removed the presumption in favour of trial by jury in defamation cases.
135
Are courts below the High Court entitled to hear matters on alleged breach of convention rights and award damages?
Courts below high court can hear matters where convention rights are alleged to be violated and may award damages. Claims for damages under HRA which depends on proving maladministration (that is, the defendant has acted unlawfully, unreasonably or unfairly) should be brought in the Administrative court.
136
Man orders a meal in restaurant, after finishing meal he says he can't pay, what is he liable for?
Fraud by obtaining services dishonestly.
137
Woman rents commercial property from a man and falls into arrears and man wishes to enter the property to remove goods to the value of rent owed, can he do so?
Where commercial property, a court order is not needed but the conditions are that they can only enter between 6 am and 9pm on any day other than Sunday and after serving 7 days notice.
138
Owner of freehold property grants a parol lease to woman for 3 years. The woman does not intend to move into the property for 6 months after the beginning of the lease. The owner sells the property to a man with vacant possession which triggers first registration. Will the man be bound by the lease?
Yes, a lease for seven years or less ranks as overriding interest which will override first registration of a legal estate, despite not being registered.
139
When is a product defective for the purposes of the consumer protection act 1987?
A product is defective if the safety of the product is not as persons are generally entitled to expect.
140
What purpose do special damages in tort serve?
They are intended to compensate the claimant for their actual pecuniary loss up to the date of trial, such as travel and medical expenses incurred by the claimant.
141
What is the time limit for bringing judicial review claim?
Claims for judicial review must be brought promptly and in any event within three months of the event complained of.
