QP Test 1

Question 1

What contains most of the “body water”?

Answer 1

lean body mass

Question 2

The “battery” in the electrical circuit model of biological membrane is

Answer 2

The voltage driving driving force for each ion

Question 3

In the membrane potential equation Em-Er = iRm(1 - e-t/tau), what is tau?

Answer 3

R(m)C(m)

Question 4

In cable theory of electrotonic potential distribution, the space constant, lambda, decreases when

Answer 4

diameter of the axon decreases, (ADD OTHERS)

Question 5

What is “Occam’s razor”?

Answer 5

Removing any unnecessary conditions

Question 6

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger proteins move intracellular Ca2+ out of cells. Which of the following processes will directly decrease the rate of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger?

Answer 6

increase in Na+ concentration, (ADD any others)

Question 7

What drives Ca influx through channels?

Answer 7

Its concentration gradient

Question 8

What second messenger triggers Ca release from intracellular calcium store in the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

IP3

Question 9

What is a function of cAMP

Answer 9

activation of PKA

Question 10

Voltage clamp fulfills what requirement?

Answer 10

Ei-(Eo+Ec)=0

Neutralizes capcitative effect so all that is measured is ion current

Question 11

In the Hodgkin-Huxley equation, the time independent change of potassium conductance is best fit with which power of exponential

Answer 11

4

Question 12

What is the purpose of a voltage clamp?

Answer 12

To record only the resistant current

Question 13

Which of the following channels mediate transmitter release at the presynaptic terminal?

Answer 13

Ca

Question 14

“rest and digest” refers to what function

Answer 14

The parasympathetic division of the nervous system

Question 15

What cells are responsible for myelination?

Answer 15

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Question 16

Blocking the SERT transporter blocks the actions of what neurotransmitter?

Answer 16

serotonin

Question 17

Speaking fluidly and smoothly but words are nonsensical

Answer 17

Wernicke’s (

Question 18

Making sense but taking forever to finish the story

Answer 18

Broca’s

Question 19

The intensity of a sensory stimulus is encoded by

Answer 19

The frequency of action potentials fired

Question 20

The sensory afferents enter the spinal cord _______ and motor efferents exit ________.

Answer 20

Dorsally, ventrally

Question 21

What is the main excitatory transmitter of the visual system?

Answer 21

Glutamate

Question 22

What is in the endolymph surrounding the cilia of hair cells that generates the endocochlear potential?

Answer 22

High K+ concentration

Question 23

What does light reach last when it enters the eyes?

Answer 23

Cones and Rods

Question 24

What is agent based modeling?

Answer 24

Agent based modeling is stochastic. In a micro scale, each agent automatically controls its behavior

Question 25

In cable theory of electrotonic potential distribution, what happens when the diameter of the neural axon increases?

Answer 25

The space constant increases

Question 26

In cable theory of electronic potential distribution, what happens when there are less Na channels expressed on a fixed membrane area?

Answer 26

The space constant (lambda) increases

Question 27

What does a bigger space constant Lambda mean for electrotonic potential propagation?

Answer 27

The distance of a single stimulation can propagate farther

Question 28

Which nerve fiber has a bigger space constant lambda, thicker or thinner?

Answer 28

The thicker nerve fiber

Question 29

Give three examples of transport processes that use ATP directly

Answer 29

1. transport of Na our of cells 2. transport of K into cells 3. transport of Ca into ER/SR

Question 30

Name four factors that cause the opening and closing of ion channels.

Answer 30

1. voltage 2. ligand-binding 3. physical stretch 4. phosphorylation

Question 31

Name an example of transport that is not chemical specific.

Answer 31

Gas diffusion through cytoplasmic membrane

Question 32

Which transport process characterizes the Na/Ca exchanger which moves intracellular Ca out of cells

Answer 32

Secondary active transport

Question 33

Which protein provides the highest speed for ions moving across the cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 33

ion channel

Question 34

What is a second messenger?

Answer 34

One of a few common small intracelluar molecules that amplify the hormonal signal

Question 35

Is intracellular Ca responsible for action of potential propagation along the neuron axons?

Answer 35

No. (what is Look It Up)

Question 36

Is cCMP a second messenger?

Answer 36

No

Question 37

Name three cellular functions of cAMP

Answer 37

PKA activation, regulation of ion channels, regulation of protein containing Nucleotide-Binding Domain

Question 38

How does Vitamin D cross the cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 38

Simple diffusion since it is a product of cholesterol.

Question 39

What two factors directly determine the amplitude of a voltage gated ion channel current?

Answer 39

Ion concentration gradient and voltage difference across cytoplasmic membrane.

Question 40

What effect does the increase of intracellular Na have on the rate of the Na/Ca exchanger?

Answer 40

Decrease the rate of exchange

Question 41

How many different second messengers are there?

Answer 41

10

Question 42

What is the function of inositol triphosphate (IP3)?

Answer 42

Triggers Ca release from the extracellular calcium store

Question 43

What channel is most important in establishing resting membrane potential?

Answer 43

Voltage-gated K channel

Question 44

By what process do CO2 transport occur in the lung?

Answer 44

Simple diffusion across the lipid bilayer

Question 45

What is an antagonist?

Answer 45

A molecule that binds to a ligand receptor but does not generate a response

Question 46

Name one example of a nuclear receptor

Answer 46

Vitamin D

Question 47

Name one example of a G protein

Answer 47

G12/13

Question 48

Hetero trimeric G-protein consists of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. Upon the hormonal stimulation, which of the subunits binds to GTP and is separated?

Answer 48

The alpha subunit

Question 49

Under what condition can the voltage across a membrane be clamped?

Answer 49

Ec = Ei - Eo

Question 50

What is the purpose of voltage clamp?

Answer 50

Removes the capacitive current to only measure the ion flux across the membrane

Question 51

In H-H equation, what power function best fits the time dependent change of K conductance?

Answer 51

4

Question 52

What letter is used to describe the rate of change of inactivation of sodium conductance in the H-H equation?

Answer 52

h

Question 53

In the H-H equation, what exponential function best fits the time dependent change of sodium conductance?

Answer 53

3

Question 54

What letter is used to describe the rate of change of activation of K conductance in the H-H equation?

Answer 54

n

Question 55

m3h gx(E-Ex) in H-H model represents _____.

Answer 55

Na current

Question 56

Who invented the patch clamp?

Answer 56

Neher, Sakman

Question 57

What is the difference between the patch clamp and the voltage clamp?

Answer 57

Patch clamp is the voltage clamp applied to a single cell

Question 58

The letter h is the opening probability of the Na channel inactivation gate. What change of voltage causes the channel to inactivate (h--> 0 )?

Answer 58

Depolarization

Question 59

What cells are responsible for myelination?

Answer 59

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Question 60

Which channels mediate transmitter release at the presynaptic terminal?

Answer 60

Ca channels

Question 61

What ion and direction of flow occur on the rising edge of the action potential (phase 3)?

Answer 61

Na ions flow into cell

Question 62

What is the order of synapse types from fastest to slowest?

Answer 62

Gap junction, ligand-gated, G-protein coupled

Question 63

What is the main fast inhibitory transmitter in the nervous system?

Answer 63

GABA

Question 64

What are the neurotransmitters of the preganglionic neuron of sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 64

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine

Question 65

What nervous system function is "fight or flight"?

Answer 65

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 66

What are the three function of the cerebellum?

Answer 66

Movement, balance, posture

Question 67

What aspect of the nervous system is involuntary?

Answer 67

autonomic

Question 68

How many types of synapses are in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 68

Two. Cholinergic and adrenergic

Question 69

Sensory afferents that cross immediately when entering the spinal cord carry _____ information and ascends into which pathway?

Answer 69

Pain and temperature; spinothalmic tract

Question 70

What is the only sensory information that doesn't first synapse in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?

Answer 70

Olfactory

Question 71

Where does the tonotopic organization of the auditory system originate?

Answer 71

Basilar membrane

Question 72

How is the depolarization of taste cells in response to a salty taste mediated?

Answer 72

Na ions flow through an amilioride-sensative Na channel

Question 73

What types of sensory receptor cells are in the visual system?

Answer 73

Rods and cones

Question 74

What three things is the equilibrium potential of an ion dependent on?

Answer 74

Valence of the ion, temperature and intra and extracellular concentration

Question 75

What is the main excititory neurotransmitter of the brain?

Answer 75

Glutamate

Question 76

What makes cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 76

The choroid plexus

Question 77

What are 4 functions of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)?

Answer 77

heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, muscle movements of the mouth (speech, keeping the larynx open)

Question 78

After crossing the medulla, ascending sensory information travels in what structure to reach the thalmus?

Answer 78

Medial lemniscus

Question 79

What ion in the endolymph surrounding the cilia of hair cells generates the endocochlear potential? (High or low?)

Answer 79

High K concentration

Question 80

What kind of shape change of the lens results in near-sighted vision?

Answer 80

Rounded

Question 81

What is the "dark current" (depolarizing current) in photo sensory cells mediated by?

Answer 81

A continual influx of Na ions

Question 82

What is the neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 82

Acetylcholine

Question 83

Most sensory information synapses in what structure where neurons then send axons to the cortex?

Answer 83

The Thalmus

Question 84

What causes congenital birth defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida?

Answer 84

Failure of the neural tube to close

Question 85

What current is responsible for repolarization of the cell during an action potential?

Answer 85

A slow-onset and continuous outward K current.

Question 86

If the capactiance of a membrane is increased, what affect will it have on tau?

Answer 86

increase

Question 87

What two factors influence the threshold for "two-point discrimination" sensory tasks?

Answer 87

receptor density, size of receptive field and lateral inhibition

Question 88

What is the cellular response to light falling on a photoreceptor?

Answer 88

They hyperpolarize and refrain from releasing tranmitter in amounts corresponding to light intensity

Question 89

what in the function of cholinesterase inhibitors?

Answer 89

The inhibition of the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft

Question 90

Reutake of autonomic monoamine neurotransmitter is an important physilogical regulartion of synapse function. List three mechanisms that mediate the reuptake of neurotransmitters.

Answer 90

1. serotonin transporter (SERT), blocked by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) 2. norepinephrine transporter (NET), blocked by tricyclic antidepresssant (TCA) 3. dopomine transporter (DAT), blocked by amphetamines. fun fact: cocaine blocks all three

Question 91

What is the function of Wernike's area? Broca's area?

Answer 91

Wernike's is understanding language. Broca's is production of language.

Question 92

Where are rods and cones located?

Answer 92

On the back of the retina. The light passes through layers of neurons and capillaries before ever reaching the rods and cones.