qs Flashcards
(327 cards)
1
Q
Abused children brain finding
A
Amygdala atrophy
2
Q
Cerebrus is a protein encoded by the CER1 gene. What role does it have in developing the neural plate?
A
Cerebrus involved in Iinhibition of the protein (BMP- Bone morphogenic protein) that promotes the formation of non-neuro ectoderm. By so doing allows the formation and maintenance of neuro plate from the ectoderm.
3
Q
Log of odds score (LODS) is used in which type of study? what does it mean
A
Linkage studies, Measure of statistical strength of association in linkage analysis. Score of 3 or more is 1000x more like. Score of less than 2 is not linked.
4
Q
Prospective birth studies is attractive because it minimises
A
retrospective bias
5
Q
Group think that we have a leader to follow amongst us, this is called?
A
Dependence
6
Q
Join a group because of similar attidudes?
A
Convergence theory.
7
Q
When circumstances does confabulation occur in Korsakoff’s-
A
there is impaired autobiographical memory, it is not intentional falsification of events, there is no subjective awareness of loss of memory deficits.
8
Q
Excessive laughing is
A
hypereuphoria
9
Q
What receptor does psychedelics work on
A
Serotonin 5HT-2A
10
Q
Girls if they reach puberty early are more likely to be ?????, a boy if he reaches early puberty are likely to be?????,
Family order effects the social ability (the later in family order the more sociable you may be).
A
Girls if they reach puberty early are more likely to be popular, a boy if he reaches early puberty are likely to be less advantaged/less secure,
11
Q
Pregabalin is a potent ligand for?
A
the alpha-2-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels
12
Q
t/f
Pregabalin does not bind to plasma proteins and is excreted virtually unchanged by the kidneys
A
true
13
Q
t/f
Pregabalin is not subject to hepatic metabolism and does not induce or inhibit liver enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 system
A
true
14
Q
an inability to follow a sequence of actions in the correct order e.g. Take a match out a box and strike it with your left hand.?
A
Ideational Apraxia
15
Q
name the different types of apraxia
A
Limb kinetic apraxia - an inability to make fine/ delicate movements
Ideomotor apraxia - an inability to follow out learned tasks when given the necessary objects e.g. if given a hairbrush they try to write with it
Constructional apraxia - an inability to copy a picture or combine parts of something to form a whole
Ideational apraxia - an inability to follow a sequence of actions in the correct order e.g. Take a match out a box and strike it with your left hand
Oculomotor - an inability to control eye movements
16
Q
Which neuronal cell that produces glutamate?
A
Astrocyte
(granula and pyramidal cells uses glutamate).
17
Q
Where can you find the Dentate gyrus?
A
Hippocampus > Episodic Memory
18
Q
What are the receptors for Memantine Bupropion & Naltrexone
A
Memantine: Non-competitive NMDA antagonist (ketamine, phencyclidine also)
Bupropion
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
Naltrexone
Reversible competitive antagonist at µ and ĸ receptors (δ receptor antagonist to a lesser extent)
19
Q
Neuroimaging findings in PTSD?
A
Increased amygdala activation and smaller amygdala volumes
Smaller hippocampal volume
decrease activity prefrontal cortex
20
Q
Neuroimaging in CJD?
A
vCJD Pulvinar Sign, Bilateral anterior basal ganglia high signal and thalamus.
21
Q
Neuroimaging in schizophrenia (also antipsychotic effect)
A
increased ventricular volume and reduced frontal and medial temporal lobe grey matter over time
Basal ganglia volume may increase.
22
Q
Tetrabenzine (medication treat chorea that is caused by Huntington disease) has highest affinity for?
A
VMAT 2
23
Q
Ketamine is an antagonist for
A
NMDA Antagonist
24
Q
Generalized spike- and polyspike-wave at 3-6Hz can be seen in
A
myoclonic epilepsy
25
Generalized spike- and polyspike-wave at 2-4Hz can be seen in
atypical absence seizures
26
Exposure of a patient to alcohol and drug misuse without actually taking the substances
cue therapy
27
Area of brain affected in auditory hallucinations
Superior temporal gyrus (particularly L hemisphere)
28
Area of brain involved in Default mode network
Medial frontoparietal network (M-FPN)
Medial prefrontal cortex
Posterior Cingulate Gyrus
Angular Gyrus
Parietal lobe (medial, lateral, inferior)
Parahippocampal gyrus
29
Active when a person is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming and mind-wandering.
Also Active thinking about themselves, remembering the past, and planning for the future.
These are examples of activities which utilise which network?
Default mode network
30
Locus coeruleus (LC), also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus, is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic. Means blue spot in Latin
??????????? primary neurotransmitter.
Noradrenergic projection originates, at the locus coeruleus (pons) and ascends to most of the cortex via ??????????????.
noradrenergic projections also descend to the Spinal cord
norepinephrine primary neurotransmitter.
Noradrenergic projection originates, at the locus coeruleus (pons) and ascends to most of the cortex via medial forebrain bundle.
noradrenergic projections also descend to the Spinal cord
31
Alpha 2 blockade results in which s/e
Agitation , Impotence
32
Alpha one antagonism results in which s/e
postural hypotension
33
Venlafaxine (SNRI) t1/2 half life
3-7hrs
34
Paroxetine (SSRI) t1/2 half life
24-30hrs
35
Agomelatine mode of action/receptor
Agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors and as an antagonist at 5HT2C receptors.
36
Which CYP450 enzyme metabolises antipsychotics
CYP2D6
37
Smoking induces enzyme???????????? (which metabolises clozapine and olanzapine).
Smoking induces CYP1A2 (which metabolises clozapine and olanzapine).
38
Hormones that regulate the appetite and where they're produced? (4)
Neuropeptide Y is produced by the hypothalamus and increases appetite
Leptin is produced by adipose tissue and reduces appetite
Ghrelin is produced mainly by the gut and increases appetite
Cholecystokinine (CCK) is produced mainly by the gut and reduces appetite
39
Which pro-inflammatory interleukin is elevated in depression-
IL 6
40
Cocaine (and methylphenidate) directly blocks the ????????
MDMA-Blocks ????????
dopamine transporter (DAT)
SERT Monoamine Transporter
41
Vortioxetine receptors
????? Full agonist
?????? partial agonist
Antagonist at
?????????
5HT1A Full agonist
5HT1B partial agonist
Antagonist at
5HT3, 5HT7,5HT1D
42
Antidepressant for a patient with hyponatremia
Bupropion and Mirtazapine (SNRI, Mianserine as well)
43
Ion implicated in schizophrenia ??
Calcium
44
Brain organoid of pluripotent cell is at what age? what are the drawbacks?
6+ months gestation.
Drawback...lack of reproducibility.
45
The Yerkes-Dodson law is a model of the relationship between stress and task performance. It proposes that ...
you reach your peak level of performance with an intermediate level of stress, or arousal. (inverted U shape graph)
46
Piagets assimilation, accommodation and equilibrium
Assimilation – The process of taking new information into an existing schema.
Accommodation – Altering a schema in view of additional information.
Under standard condition one is at equilibrium, when a new information arises you assimilate/accommodate to return everything back to equilibrium.
47
Scale that has ‘no pain’ on one end and ‘excruciating pain ‘ on the other end - ?
Ordinal
48
Purine properties (adenine, guanine)
Aromatic
Pyrimidines are aromatic aswell (thyramine, cytosine, uracil)
49
What not to take with fluoxetine
Aspirin, NSAIDs
NSAIDs: NICE guidelines advise ‘do not normally offer SSRIs’, but if given co-prescribe a proton pump inhibitor
Warfarin / heparin: NICE guidelines recommend avoiding SSRIs and considering mirtazapine
50
Indicator for clozapine induced myocarditis on FBC
eosinophilia
51
Fetal malformation in Sodium Valproate risk %
10%
52
Which part of the frontal lobe is prominent in teenagers?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
53
When one’s schema is corresponding with one’s experiences. Options
Accomodation
Assimilation
Equilibrium
Organisation
Centration
assimilation - the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding. (Piaget)
54
Stimulated part of the brain in Visual hallucinations
reduced volume in bilateral occipital regions
right supramarginal gyrus and left fusiform gyrus
bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
frontal pole and the middle portion of the left cingulate gyrus.
55
FTD gene
Progranulin gene-
56
Confabulation is a falsification of memory occurring in clear consciousness associated with organic states. There is/is not subjective awareness of memory impairment
There is subjective awareness of memory impairment
57
?? positive and ? negative in FTD
Tau positive and ubiquitin negative inclusions in FTD
58
Risk factors for Qtc prolongation hypo/hyperkalemia
hypo
59
Role of D2 in Tardive dyskinesia-/akathesia
Tardive dyskinesia- D2 hypersensitivity .. akathesia due to D2 occupancy.
60
Orthostatic hypotension- ?blocker
Orthostatic hypotension- Alpha 1 adrenergic blocker
61
Rate limiting step in alcohol metabolism.
Alcohol dehydrogenase
62
ADHD gene –
DRD4
63
Ketamine MOA –
NMDA antagonist
64
Cocaine receptor/MOA-
DAT
65
What does SouthernNorthern/western blot look at
Southern blot- specific DNA sequence
SNoW- DRoP
Southern blot- DNA
Northern blot- RNA
Western blot- Protein
66
.Reversal of Caffeine inhibited by
adenosine antagoinst
Caffeine is an Adenosine antagonist readily cross BB barrier , it is methyl xanthine derivative and completely reverses the effect of adenosine.
67
Which of these Amisulpride
Olanzapine ● Quetaipine ● Clozapine ● Risperidone cross bbb
amisulpride no
everything else yes
68
Pregnancy is associated with several pharmacokinetic changes:
✶ Delayed gastric emptying,
✶ Decreased GIT motility,
✶ Increased volume of distribution (5%),
✶ Decreased drug-binding capacity,
✶ Decreased albumin level
✶ Induced liver metabolic pathway, ✶ Increased GFR & renal clearance
69
Hyperactive trace, fast ?15-20Hz seen in
delirium tremens
70
13-30hz seen in
Parkinsonism
71
Nucleotide most affected by methylation?
cytosine
72
Nucleotide repeat in Huntington –
CAG >40 repeats
73
Hypoplasia of part of brain in ASD –
cerebellar vermis
74
What induces CYP1A2---
smoking
75
What is the basis of modern day psychiatry diagnostic schedule---
operationalized
76
Persistence of sensation after cessation of stimuli ....
palinopsia (visual) palinaptia (tactile)
77
Durkheim theory of suicide-
“when social conditions fail to provide people with the necessary social goals and/or rules at the appropriate levels of intensity their socio-psychological health is impaired, and the most vulnerable among them commit suicide”
78
Buprenorphine MOA -
Partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor
79
Vygotsky model of learning –
collaborative learning, scaffolding, zone of proximal development
80
When does theory of the mind develop –
Autism, 4 years
81
Most common feature of Wernicke aphasia-
fluent/ receptive aphasia, impairment in auditory comprehension.
82
58-year old man who suffered a significant RTA, now has an inability to identify landmark near his home–
Visuospatial agnosia
83
Function of stroop test-
Response inhibition and set shifting, attention bias
84
What is preserved in normal aging? (memory)
Procedural, episodic (remote), semantic.
Working memory is affected.
85
Alpha 2 autoreceptor,5ht2 and 5ht3 antagonist –
Mirtazapine (it’s a NASSA)
86
Antisocial personality Feature in brain –
orbital frontal dysfunction, causing impulsivity
87
What is GHB / 'liquid ecstasy' or ‘blue nitro’.
GHB – gamma hydroxybutyrate, dissociative anaesthetic
derived from GABA
Half-life 30 minutes
88
Melanie Klein – is associated with
depressive position/Paranoid-schizoid position -
Process SIPDOG.
Splitting, introjection, projective identification, denial, omnipotence, grandiosity
earlier more primitive position is the paranoid-schizoid position and if an individual's environment and up-bringing are satisfactory, she or he will progress through the depressive position. always appearing during the first year of life, but which are present at all times thereafter and can be reactivated at any time. Paranoid anxiety - Schizoid - splitting mum to 'good and bad'
depressive position, the infant is able to experience others as whole, which radically alters object relationships from the earlier phase
89
Amygdala helps in storing
emotionally salient memories
90
What are the risk factors of prolonged QT
FEMALE GENDER
anorexia nervosa
hypokalaemia, magnesium and calcium, extreme exercise, extreme of age, use of antipsychotics, grapefruit juice, liver disease
91
Side effects of carbamazepine
Leucopenia (more common), Thrombocytopaenia, Eosinophilia, hyponatraemia
92
Questionnaires used in postnatal depression
EPDS – screening for postnatal depression (self rated)
HAMD (interviewer rated 17 item scale measures changed in depression)
MADRS – monitoring/ severity
93
Semantic differential scale =
Pairs of bipolar or opposite adjectives at either end of a series of scales eg weak/strong, ugly/beautiful. It’s a 5 or 7-point scale.
94
Likert scale (most popular) =
5 points scale with strongly agree to strongly disagree
95
types of memory
Remembering what breakfast is? -
Remembering what you had for breakfast –
Remembering that after breakfast you took your bike out and cycled your usual route to work, and this felt tedious –
Remembering how to eat breakfast –
Remembering after you have eaten breakfast that you need to put up more cereal on your way home from work –
Remembering what breakfast is? - Semantic memory
Remembering what you had for breakfast – Declarative memory
Remembering that after breakfast you took your bike out and cycled your usual route to work, and this felt tedious – Episodic memory
Remembering how to eat breakfast – Procedural memory
Remembering after you have eaten breakfast that you need to put up more cereal on your way home from work – Prospective memory
96
Anti-inflammatory cytokine involved in depression –IL-, Schizophrenia = IL-
Anti-inflammatory cytokine involved in depression –IL-6, Schizophrenia = IL-2
97
Component of ORIGINAL Maslow hierarchy of needs –
physiological needs (bottom)
Safety needs
love & belonging
esteem needs
self-actualisation (top)
98
When does concrete operational begin
When does concrete operational begin – 7 years – 12 years
99
4 clinical subtypes of FTD:
Behavioural variant
Primary progressive aphasia
Progressive non fluent aphasia,
Semantic dementia
100
Identity moratorium is?
healthy and necessary phase in identity development, allowing individuals to explore different possibilities before making commitments.
adolescents may try out various social groups, beliefs, and even career paths, which can help them clarify their own values and goals.
This exploration can lead to increased anxiety and uncertainty, as individuals may feel pressure to make decisions about their future
101
Identity foreclosure is?
Dedication to an identity or set of values prematurely and without compromise - decline of possible alternatives while committing securely to an idea
102
Flumazenil helps to manage toxicity caused by
– benzodiazepine and zopiclone (Does not act barbiturates. Non- benzodiazepine agonist like zopiclone is also blocked by flumazenil).
103
Neuroimaging used for measurement of neurotransmitters –
PET – measurement of regional brain metabolism by tagging organic compounds in metabolic pathway i.e. gives direct info about neuronal metabolism.
104
How do the following imaging techniques work
MRS –
SPECT –
fMRI –
Magnetoencephalography –
MRS – dynamic measurement of resonance hydrogen and phosphate ions – odd number of protons
SPECT – measurement of receptor binding and distribution using radiolabelled receptor
fMRI – tasks-related changes in blood oxygenation level
Magnetoencephalography – measurement of static magnetic activity of brain
105
Images and symbols that represent human experience common to different cultures - ?
A concept regarded as universally common to mankind; it contains various archetypes described by Jung -?
The unconscious feminine aspect of male – ? (unconscious masculine aspect of female – ?)
Images and symbols that represent human experience common to different cultures - Archetype
A concept regarded as universally common to mankind; it contains various archetypes described by Jung - Collective unconscious
The unconscious feminine aspect of male – anima (unconscious masculine aspect of female – animus)
106
Drug with relative D2/D3 receptor activity (selective antagonist) –
Amisulpride (Sulpiride – pure D2 antagonism)
107
Non-selective long-acting opioid antagonist –
Naltrexone (short acting non-selective opioid antagonist naloxone).
108
Question on family system theory
Enmeshment –
Triangulation –
Circular causality –
Detouring –
Enmeshment – no boundary in family
Triangulation – in divorce, both parents want to be good to children, child sides with one patent creating enmeshment with one and withdrawal in the other
Circular causality – bad habit affecting everybody in the family
Detouring – like displacement, husband beating child because of conflict
109
Camberwell family interview (CFI) measures -
Expressed emotion in family.
110
Lyonization is associated with which genetic condition –
Klinefelter (XXY)
111
Neurochemical basis for tardive dyskinesia -
D2 supersensitivity
112
Drug absorption constant is independent of .
It is dependent on - Route of administration, chemical properties, form of the drug, rate of blood flow, solubility of drug (which depends on pH of drug size of particle in the formulation and pKa – ionization constant)}
food ,form of drug, extravascular route, elimination constant
113
Anti-hypertensive helpful for patient on lithium –
Atenolol; Furosemide
114
Why do we increase slowly when giving lamotrigine -
SJS
115
Topiramate s/e -
weight loss; renal stones
116
Which Anti-epileptic is more implicated in aggression –
Levetiracetam > topiramate; vigabatrin
117
Empathy is principally mediated by...–
dlpfc
118
Which methods are most appropriate for:
Is the phenotype familial
What is the contribution of genetic and environmental factors heretibiality
mode of transmission
where are the 'culprit' genes
what are actual genes responsivble
Which methods are most appropriate for:
Is the phenotype familial - family
What is the contribution of genetic and environmental factors heretibiality - twin
mode of transmission - segregation
where are the 'culprit' genes - linkage
what are actual genes responsivble - association
119
Area under curve in pharmacokinetics -
Drug dose from time 0 to infinity
Represents total drug dose or drug burden
120
Question on first order kinetic...options were on clearance of the drug and their linearity –
Clearance is dose dependent; follows a linear curve.
121
SERT and VMAT2 MOA
SERT – Na/K ATPase
VMAT – utilizes a protein gradient created by V-ATPases (tetrabenazine and amphetamine – VMAT inhibitors
122
How many turns do D2 receptors take in the cell –
7 transmembrane regions (G-protein coupled receptor)
123
Trisomy 18 -
Edward syndrome
124
Precursor of serotonin
5hydroxytryptophan
125
What undergoes hydroxylation in the synthesis of dopamine –
L tyrosine
126
Memantine moa
- NMDA Antagonist/ 5HT3 antagonist
127
Aura for frontal lobe epilepsy -
For Temporal Lobe Epiplepsy -
For parietal seizures – somatosensory seizures,
Aura for frontal lobe epilepsy - cephalic aura
For Temporal Lobe Epiplepsy - epigastric aura (most common)
For parietal seizures – somatosensory seizures, electrical sensation and tingling; numbness and tingling, heat, pressure or pain. (Jacksonian march)
128
Drug used in ADHD that causes hypotension –
guanfacine/clonidine
129
Which area of the brain is stimulated during FMRI in
auditory hallucination –
visual hallucination –
Which area of the brain is stimulated during FMRI in
auditory hallucination – primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
visual hallucination – ventral occipital cortex
130
Test for executive function -
Test for abstraction –
Test for executive function - tower of London (problem solving and decision making) – deficit in planning.
Test for abstraction – similarities, proverbs and cognitive estimates
131
Gestalt laws –
symmetry and order
proximity
continuity
closure
common fate
similarity
132
Question on Holme and Rahe life event scale –
death of spouse (100),
divorce (73),
marital separation
(65),
death of close family or jail time (63)
133
? cause conversion from sensory to short term memory
? – from STM to LTM
Attention cause conversion from sensory to short term memory (Rehearsal – from STM to LTM)
134
Reciprocal inhibition is
neuromuscular process in which muscles on one side of a joint relax to allow the contraction of muscles on the opposite side, enabling smooth and coordinated movement.
135
Lurasidone mechanism of action
full antagonist at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors
partial agonist at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor
136
Antidepressant least sexual side effects
Buproprion, Moclebemide and Mirtazapine
137
Topiramate prominent side effect:
weight loss
138
Lithium prominent side effect:
worsening psoriasis
139
Clozapine most affinity to
5HT2A receptor
140
Lamotrigine moa
NMDA antagonist
stabilises Na channels
141
Clozapine affinity for?
High affinity for D4, (to a lesser extent D1, D2, D3, D5)
also 5 HT 1A partial agonist
5HT2 antagonist
142
Methamphetamine MOA
Binds to proteins responded for transporting dopamine, serotinine, norepinephrine
Goes into the NT and disrupts vesicles with these NTs
Causes high amounts of these in the NTs
Psychostimulant effects
143
Methamphetamine greater affinity for dopamine or serotonin vesicle
dopamine vesicles
144
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) has a much higher affinity for which vesicles
?Serotonin vesicles
145
Molecular Mechanism of NMDA receptor
NMDA receptor found in glutaminergic neurone
Ligand gated ion channel (Ionergic)
Has magnesium block which may not allow cations to get in
146
Encephalitis - antibody type
Symptoms:
Seizures
Psychosis or hallucinations
Behavioral changes
Memory problems
Limbic system involvement (e.g., hyperactivity)
Anti-AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor antibodies
147
Encephalitis - antibody type
Focal seizures
Memory problems, confusion
Hyponatremia
Psychiatric symptoms Cognitive decline
Anti-LGI1 antibodies
148
Encephalitis - antibody type
Autonomic dysfunction
Limbic hyperactivity (agitation, mood swings)
Psychiatric symptoms
Seizures, memory deficits, and movement disorders (e.g., dyskinesias)
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
149
Encephalitis antibody symptoms with optic neuritis
MOG
150
t/f In schizophrenia, procedural memory and semantic memory are relatively preserved
t
151
Tests for Short-Term Memory
Serial 7s
Digit span test
Immediate recall
152
What means ‘meaning of words’ in linguistics. Options were lexical semantics, phonology, orthography, syntax
Lexical Semantics
153
Pathophysiologic mechanism of korsakoffs syndrome
thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
Thiamine (B1) is a crucial cofactor for enzymes in glucose metabolism,
Lack of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase impairs the Krebs cycle, leading to reduced ATP production and neuronal energy failure.
Damage to the mammillary bodies and thalamus disrupts the Papez circuit, which is essential for memory formation and recall, leading to anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
154
pathophysiologic mechanism of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
α-synuclein accumulation in oligodendrocytes, leading to widespread neurodegeneration of the striatonigral, olivopontocerebellar, and autonomic systems.
This results in Parkinsonian symptoms, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic failure
155
Gene for α-Synuclein
SNCA (Synuclein Alpha).
156
Gene for P-glycoprotein
MDR1 gene
157
Molecular Components of the BBB
tight junction proteins (claudin, occludin), P-glycoprotein, GLUT1, and aquaporins
158
For a diagnosis of Recurrent Depressive Disorder (ICD-10 or DSM-5), the patient must have experienced:
At least 2 depressive episodes, separated by at least 2 months without significant depressive symptoms.
159
Emotional memory consolidation primarily occurs during
REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement sleep)
160
How long after loss event can we diagnose prolonged grief disorder: 1 month/6 months/1 year
6mths
161
A brain organoid is a miniature, simplified version of the brain grown in the laboratory, typically derived from stem cells.
Brain organoids are typically most representative of the brain development stage during the
second trimester of human pregnancy
162
Greatest improvement of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia with which neurotransmitter Ach/dopamine/NE/serotonin
dopamine
163
empathy is influenced by DLPFC/insula
insula
164
Narcolepsy is associated with the loss of ? in the hypothalamus.
orexin-producing neurons
165
atomoxetine MOA
selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (sNRI) medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
166
In a nomothetic personality theory, the focus is on?????????
The main critique of nomothetic personality theories regarding their dimensions is the ?????????
universalizability in assessment (meaning the theory aims to identify personality dimensions that can be applied across different individuals and groups, allowing for generalization.)
lack of attention to individual variability
167
What is Bayes' theory?
An already held belief or the initial assumption before considering new evidence is called a prior.
It represents the initial probability or belief about an event or hypothesis before any new data or evidence is taken into account.
168
LRRK2 mutation in?
Parkinsons
169
How many times does G protein coupled receptor pass through the cell membrane.
Answer 7 times
170
Glutamate MOA
Glutamate - excitatory NT
Interacts with ionotropic receptors NMDA AMPA Kainate and metabotrobic receptors
Removed from synaptic clefts using EAATs and converted to Glutamine
171
Predominant group of symptoms to distinguish between Parkinson’s and
Huntington’s? Motor,/ Cognitive,/ Psychiatric
Motor symptoms are the predominant group of symptoms that clearly differentiate Parkinson’s disease (hypokinetic features) from Huntington’s disease (hyperkinetic features).
172
NMDA is what type of receptor?
ionotropic glutamate receptors
173
Postnatal psychosis occurs after how long?
Onset: Usually within 48 hours to 2 weeks postpartum.
Diagnosis window (ICD-11): Within 4 weeks postpartum.
174
Patient shows brainstem features after arm exertion with BP difference of 30 mmHg
between both arms. Which artery is occluded? Anterior cerebral artery,/ Middle
cerebral artery/, PICA/, Subclavian artery
Subclavian artery
175
Which medication when given with escitalopram may cause a fever? Tramadol,/
Valproate/, Diclofenac
tramadol
Tramadol: Has a dual mechanism of action—
Acts as a weak opioid agonist.
Inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, further boosting serotonin levels.
176
Antidepressant with Non linear kinetics above therapeutic doses? Venlafaxine, /
Citalopram/, Sertraline/, Fluoxetine
venlafaxine
177
Depot with longest half-life? Paliperidone palmitate,/ Long-acting risperidone,
/Zuclopenthixol decanoate/, Zuclopenthixol acetate
paliperidone
178
Half-life of citalopram?
Half-life of fluoxetine?
Citalopram 33hrs
Fluoxetine 4-6 days
179
What age does fearing death start?
5 to 7 years
180
Vortioextine MOA
SSRI with additional actions
5HT3 antagonism
5HT1 &5HT1B agonism
5HT reuptake inhibition
preclinical models show 5HT , NA, DA, cholinergic, histaminergic, gabaergic and glutamergic actions
181
Inability to recognize previously well-known faces?
Prosopagnosia
182
Pathway involved with reward system?
Mesolimbic
183
MRI changes from puberty to adult brain? Reduced grey matter, Increased white
matter/ Increase in grey and white matter/ Increased grey matter and reduced white
matter
Reduced grey matter, Increased white
matter
184
Alcohol dependence – which brain region/area is implicated?
Basal ganglia (“incentive salience” circuits)
Amygdala ( withdrawal/negative affect stage)
Prefrontal cortex (impairments in executive function processes that normally limit impulsive and compulsive responses. The person has strong urges or cravings to drink)
185
Anti-inflammatory cytokine? IL1, IL10, IL6, TNF, IFgamma, INT alpha
IL 10
186
Dopamine process that occurs in patients treated with schizophrenia receiving
recurrent treatment -
30% increase in D2/D3 receptors in the brain
187
Schneider's first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia
auditory hallucinations:
thought blocking
thought withdrawal
thought insertion
thought broadcasting
somatic hallucinations
delusional perception
Passivity
188
Corewell family interview asses what? Depression / Emotional response
Emotional response
189
Which part of brain responsible for onset of puberty?
hypothalamus plays a central role in initiating puberty by releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete hormones that activate the gonads
190
Where is Orexin synthesized?
Lateral hypothalamus
191
Which is found in post mortem suicide patients? - one or two alleles of serotonin
transporer promoter gene / reduced 5-ht1a and 5-ht2 receptors in prefrontal cortex
reduced 5-ht1a and 5-ht2 receptors in prefrontal cortex
192
Which benzo does not require dose adjustment with HIV treatment? Lorazepam /
Diazepam / Clonazepam
Lorazepam
193
Homozygous APOE4 found in?
increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, especially early-onset Alzheimer's
194
Dysbindin + neuorglian found in?
schizophrenia
195
Psilocybin acts on?
5-HT2A
196
MDMA acts on?
Serotonin vesicles
197
Buspirone MOA
5HT1A partial agonist at both pre and postynaptic receptors
198
Which antiepileptic increases risk of ASD?
sodium valproate
199
Which brain structure is atrophied in ASD?
Cerbellar vermis
200
epigenetics meaning
Epigenetics involves genetic control by factors other than an individual's DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes can switch genes on or off and determine which proteins are transcribed.
201
Which sleep stage consists of 50% delta waves? NREM 1, 2, 3, REM
NREM 3
202
What does verbigeration mean?
Drastic loosening of associations between thoughts. There is a stereotypical, senseless repetition of sounds words or phrases.
203
Gerstmann syndrome and features?
damage to inferior parietal lobe, at or near angulargyrus
Dysgraphia/agraphia: deficiency in the ability to write
Dyscalculia/acalculia: difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics
Finger agnosia: inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand
Left-right disorientation
204
Which is a psychological screening tool? - Edinburgh post-natal depression scale / Yale
brown OCD / PANSS / HADS / Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MARS)
HADS
EPDS
205
Screening test for depression in clinical studies?
PHQ 9
206
Incentive salience in grief?
Yearning for their belongings
207
describe Eysenck theory of personality –
Personality dimensions
Extraversion/introversion (E) and neuroticism/stability (N). third dimension-psychoticism (P).
Biological basis - (risk taking behaviors due to underactive nervous system)
Socialisatin (immediate gratification)
EPI personality test
208
Test to assess activity of daily living
Barthel Index
209
Someone hears friend talking about them in another city?
Extracampine hallucination
210
A person losing their sense of self awareness - what is this called?
depersonalisation
211
What is the sally anne test and theory of mind
In the typical Sally-Anne test, two characters - Sally has a basket, and Anne has a box. In the scenario:
Sally places a marble in her basket.
Sally then leaves the scene.
Anne takes the marble from Sally’s basket and hides it in her box.
When Sally returns, the child is asked where Sally will look for her marble.
Interpretation:
Children who have developed a theory of mind understand that Sally will still look in her basket—because she holds the false belief that the marble is there—even though the child knows it is actually in the box. This indicates an understanding that Sally’s beliefs can differ from reality and from the child's own knowledge.
Theory of mind refers to the cognitive capacity to attribute mental states—such as beliefs, intentions, desires, emotions, and knowledge—to oneself and others, and to understand that these states can be different from one's own.
212
Mentalization in adolescence - which part of brain is involved?
medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)
213
describe piaget stages of development
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs):
Learn through senses and actions; develop object permanence.
Preoperational (2-7 yrs):
Use symbols and language; egocentric thinking; struggle with conservation.
Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs):
Logical thinking about concrete objects; understand conservation and classification.
Formal Operational (12+ yrs):
Abstract reasoning; hypothetical-deductive thinking; complex problem-solving.
214
Harlow’s experiment on monkeys – what theory?
Attachment
215
Imaging studies/findings in brain after longterm use of MDMA?
Hippocampal Atrophy
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) reduction
Altered activity in amygdala and limbic system
216
The person believes their spouse was replaced by an impostor? Capgras / Fregoli
Capgras
217
Person after moving to a new town has total memory loss of identity +
autobiographical memory (doesn’t say for how long)? dissociative amnesia /
derealization, / depersonalization, / dissociative fugue
dissociative fugue
218
Which antidepressant to start in patient with hyponatraemia? Mirtazapine /
amitryptiline
Mirtazapine
219
Which is involved in Wilsons disease? Plantar extension, Argyll-Robertson pupil / Motor
weakness / Chorea / Dysarthria
Motor
weakness
220
NMDA Auto-immune encephalitis - which physical condition is associated with?
Ovarian teratoma
221
What is characteristic of Wernickes aphasia?
Fluent aphasia
222
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy- microscopic finding? Amyloid plaques, Tau
Proteins, Alpha synuclein
Tau
Proteins
223
Anandamide is a
endocannabinoid
224
WHat is Hypsarrhythmia
electroencephalogram (EEG), characterized by high-amplitude, irregular, asynchronous slow waves and spikes
infantile spasms (West syndrome).
225
centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) on EEG are typically associated with
benign focal epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS)
226
% of birth defects in mothers on valproate, regardless of the dose?
8-12%
227
Agitation + aggression seen in what antiepileptic? Levetiracetam /Topiramate /
Lamotrigine /Phenytoin
Levetiracetam
228
Function of microglia?
Phagocytosis
229
Which neurotransmitter is a purine? ATP / Substance P
ATP
230
Radiological findings in William’s syndrome
(deletion of genes on chromosome 7q11.23)
decreased brain size, with a relatively greater decrease in the volume of the cerebral white matter volume as compared to the cerebral gray matter
231
Self-served bias?
psychological tendency where individuals attribute their successes to internal factors but blame failures on external factors
232
ribots law?
Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia, so that recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories.
233
Frequency of tremor in Parkinson’s
3-6hz
234
ICD-11 Criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Depressed mood for most of the day, for at least 2 years, in adults (1 year in children and adolescents).
B. At least two of the following symptoms during the depressive episode:
Poor appetite or overeating
Insomnia or excessive sleeping
Low energy or fatigue
Low self-esteem
Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness
C. The symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
D. The individual has not been without symptoms for more than 2 months during the 2 years (1 year in children and adolescents).
235
Which mania condition is least likely to respond to ECT? treatment resistant mania,
mild mania, mania with psychotic symptoms, mania with delirium, mania with sodium
valproate
mania with delirium
236
How many nucleotide repeats in Huntigton’s for later onset and reduced penetrance?
36-39 repeats
237
What does heritability mean?
proportion of variance in a trait within a population that is attributable to genetic factors.
238
Test for constructional apraxia?
Tower of London
239
Man when asked to use a hammer he can’t but at home can use one without issue?
Ideational apraxia / Ideomotor apraxia
Ideomotor apraxia
240
What does MSR detect?
Metabolites
241
Hypertensive patient on lithium, most suitable anti-HTN? Atenolol/, Bendrofluthiazide,
/NSAIDs,/ Furosemide
atenolol
242
CATIE study findings?
Olanzapine associated with lowest dropout rate in CATIE /25%
dropped out of the study in the first 18 months / Haloperidol is the best antipsychotic in
schizophrenia
243
Comparing between allele frequency in diseased population compared to control
population? Association study / Linkage analysis / Recombination fraction / LOD
association study
244
Difference between NMS and SS? Clonus / Raised CK
clonus
245
Language milestone in 2nd year of life?
One and two-word sentences
246
An unemotional-callous (CU) personality is characterized by
a lack of empathy, guilt, and emotional expression
It is a key feature of conduct disorder (CD)
247
Features of psychological imprinting
Critical/Sensitive Period: Happens only in early life.
Irreversible: Once imprinted, the behavior is permanent.
Non-Associative: No rewards or reinforcement needed.
Attachment Formation: Seen in human infant-caregiver bonding.
Species-Specific Behavior: Common in birds and mammals for kin recognition and bonding.
248
Monotropy according to Bowlby’s views means ..?
the idea that an infant forms a primary and unique attachment to one specific caregiver
249
Lady with headache of 4 years and feels a lady caused it. What type of hallucination
or delusion? Somatisation / Somatic passivity
Somatic passivity
250
The one with transient paranoid tendencies and dissociative features? Schizotypal /
Schizoid / Paranoid
Schizotypal personality disorder characterised by
Paranoid ideation (transient or intermittent).
Dissociative-like experiences (often described as unusual perceptual experiences, such as feeling detached or experiencing mild sensory distortions).
Odd beliefs, magical thinking, and eccentric behavior.
Social withdrawal and difficulty forming close relationships, but not as extreme as in schizoid personality disorder.
251
What does microRNA do?
Small, non-coding RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression.
It primarily functions by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either blocking their translation into proteins or promoting their degradation.
252
Modern psychiatry classification? Operationalised/ Categorisation /
Dichotomisation / Standard / Empiricism
Categorisation
253
In computational psychology, reward prediction error is the difference
between reward received and ...?
reward received and the reward expected (i.e., the predicted reward).
254
Type of learning if rat avoids being shocked in an experiment? Avoidance /
Classical conditioning
avoidance
255
Epithalamus, hypothalamus and thalamus are a part of? Prosencephalon /
rhombencephalon / metencephalon / myencephalon
Prosencephalon
256
Which antibiotic when used with clozapine leads to leucopenia? Nitrofurantoin
/ Trimethoprim / Co-amoxiclav / Ciprofloxacin
Trimethoprim
257
Which is NOT a prodrug? Aspirin / Prednisolone / Desipramine
Aspirin
258
Which is used to detect short to medium length CNV? Microassay / FISH /
Karyotype / Restriction fragment length
FISH
259
What of the question about the test for frontal lobe function? Stroop test/
Interlocking finger test / Serial sevens / Recalling 3 names
Stroop test
260
Big Five Personality Traits?
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
261
Scale asking to ‘agree’ or ‘disagree’? Thurstone / Likert / Semantic Differential
Thurstone
262
A law abiding person in a crowd of people throwing stones, joins them to do
the same - Conformity, Convergence theory, Social influence, Deindividuation
Deindividuation
263
What type of antidepressant is Agomelatine?
What monitoring do you need before and during>
Melatonin agonism at M1 & M2
5HTC antagonism
LFTs at 6,12 & 24 wks
264
Man receives pension at the time of retirement:
Fixed ratio, Fixed interval, Variable ratio, Variable interval, Continuous ratio, Continuous interval
Fixed interval
265
Describe the following
Forced grasping
Stereotypy
Mannerism
Mitgehen
Forced Grasping: Reflexive hand grasping despite being asked to stop.
Stereotypy: Repetitive, non-goal-directed movements.
Mannerism: Odd, exaggerated behaviors.
Mitgehen: Passive limb movement in response to minimal pressure.
266
Which of the following medication predispose to bleeding in the elderly
A.Sertaline
B.Fluoxetine (longer half-life)
Fluoxetine (longer half-life)
267
Effect of SSRI on neonate in late pregnancy
A. Cleft palate
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Pyloric stenosis
D. Ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary hypertension
268
Which is the following is the quickest to achieve a steady state
A. clozapine (2-3 days)
B. olanzapine (7 days)
C. aripiprazole (14 days)
D. quetiapine (2-3 days)
E. sulpiride (2-3 days)
D. quetiapine (2-3 days)
269
Which of the following cells have phagocytotic effect in the CNS
A. Macrophage
B. Astrocytes
C. Dendrites
D. Microglia
E. Oligodendrocyes
D. Microglia
270
First vs Zero order kinetics
First
Constant (exponential) fraction of drug is eliminated per unit of time.
Zero-order
Constant (linear) rate of drug elimination.
Rate if elimination is independent of drug concentration.
271
Immunologic therapy in Alzheimer’s targets
A. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
B. tau protein
C. beta amyloid
D. secretase
C. beta amyloid
272
Which of the following neurons produces glutamate
A. astrocyte
B. glial cells
astrocyte
273
Receptor responsible for exocytosis of neurotransmitters
A. calcium
B. sodium
C. potassium
D. chloride
E. Aquaporins
F. Photons
calcium
274
Which prevents formation of amyloid in Alzheimer’s
A. Alpha secretase
B. beta secretase
C. gamma secretase
D. cholinesterase
Alpha secretase (while β & γsecretase supports the formation)
275
Which is true of the side effect of the immunologic therapy of Alzheimers vascular cerebral edema
(as seen on ARIA-e)
A. it is duration on treatment dependent
B. it is not dose dependent
C. it depends on amyloid burden
C. it depends on amyloid burden
276
13. Which of the following is self-rated
A. BDI
B. HAMD
C. ZUNG
D. MADRS
A
277
Which of the following is present in the vision of a newborn
A. Blink reflex (as well as pupillary reflex)
B. Accommodation (3-4 months)
C. Colour perception (5 months)
D. Fix on distant object (2-3 months)
E. Convergence (2 months)
Blink reflex (as well as pupillary reflex)
278
Mirtazapine acts as an antiemetic due to effect on which receptor.
A. NMDA
B. Glutamate
C. Dopamine
D. 5HT3
D. 5HT3
(PS: Other receptors that contribute to antiemetic property: 5HT2A, H1 receptors)
279
Rivastigmine is NOT affected by
A. Renal impairment
B. Hepatic impairment
A. Renal impairment
PS: Rivastigmine has no hepatic metabolism, while memantine metabolism is primarily non-hepatic. However,
in CKD, rivastigmine is advised, while memantine is advised in hepatic impairment.
280
Child pugh in pharmacokinetics - EMI
I. To calculate dose in renal impairment
II.To calculate bioavailability
III. To calculate dose in hepatic impairment
IV. To calculate bioequivalence
To calculate dose in hepatic impairment
281
People were asked to state from most excruciating pain and no pain. What scale was used - Thurstone , Semantic, Likert
ANSWER - SEMANTIX
A. Thurstone scale - Measures quantitatively attitudes and behaviors: decided by a panel
B. Semantic differential scale – may be subjected to positional response bias
C. Likert scale – graded ‘agree’ to ‘disagree’ measures.
282
Which of the following when increased improves cognitive function in schizophrenia
A Dopamine
B Acetylcholine
C Serotonin
D Glutamate
Acetylcholine
283
Comparing intravenous and oral administration in pharmacokinetic - EMI
I. To calculate dose in renal impairment
II. To calculate bioavailability
III. To calculate dose in hepatic impairment
IV. to calculate bioequivalence
To calculate bioavailability
284
Chlorpromazine is low potency antipsychotic yet has high affinity for binding to D2 receptors. What
explains this discrepancy
A. Rapid phase metabolism
B. Low plasma protein binding
C. Lowly lipophilic
D. Widely distributed
Widely distributed
285
Use of Thurstone scale
A.Measure Qualitatively
B. Measures quantitatively attitudes and behaviors
C. Not subject to positional bias
Measures quantitatively attitudes and behaviors
286
Which of the following is an enactive theory of perceptual and mental imagery
A. Action cycle
B.Cognitive activation theory
C. Kahnman theory of emotion
D. Variable stage cycle
Action cycle
Action cycle is an enactive theory of the perception and a mental imagery system that is comprised of six
modules: Schemata, Objects, Actions, Affect, Goals and Others' Behavior
287
What is Hebbian plasticity?
PS: Hebbian plasticity is widely considered to be the mechanism by which information can be coded and retained
in neurons in the brain.
288
What is Vygostky zone of proximal development?
ZPD is the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do
even with support. It is the range where the learner is able to perform, but only with support from a teacher or a
peer with more knowledge or expertise.
289
Cariprazine mechanism of action
A. Partial D1 antagonist
B. Partial D2 antagonist
C. Partial D3 agonist
D. D Partial D4
E. Partial D5
Partial D3 agonist
290
28.EMI - A child has a pet mouse which he spends time with. As part of a psychological experiment,
his father creates a loud noise whenever the child is playing with his mouse, and the noise frightens
him. This is done a number of times, so that whenever he sees his pet mouse, he feels frightened. What
is his response to the rat?
A.Conditioned stimulus
B. Conditioned response
C. Unconditioned stimulus
D. unconditioned response
29. What was his response to the loud bang?
mouse - conditioned response
bang - unconditioned response
291
Which of the following medication prolong QTc.
A. Methadone
B. Disulfiram
Methadone
292
Part of brain concerned with thermoregulation.
A. Preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
293
Which of the following is part of the Papez circuit:
A. cingulate gyrus
B. Substantia nigra
cingulate gyrus
294
Panksepp theory of emotion has how many basic theory emotions?
A.3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 9
E. 11
7
Panksepp carved out seven biologically inherited primary affective systems called SEEKING (expectancy),
FEAR (anxiety), RAGE (anger), LUST (sexual excitement), CARE (nurturance), PANIC/GRIEF (sadness), and
PLAY (social joy).
295
Bowlby four stages of grief
shock and numbness
yearning and searching
despair and disorganisation
reoorganisation and recovery
296
Reason why mentally ill people are homeless in a city
A. Alpha male dominance
B. Altruism
C. Societal schism
Societal schizm
297
Effect of ECT causes a reduction of
A. BDNF in CSF
B. Acetylcholine
C. Glutamate
Ach
ECT increases (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, dopamine, glutamate, GABA, Noradrenline)
298
At what stage of cognitive development can intellectualization defense mechanism be developed/used
A. Formal
B. Pre-operational
C. sensory motor
D. Formal operational
E. Concrete
When a child can perform the 3-mountain test, what does this reveal
formal operational
concrete operational
299
Which gene codes for alpha synuclein
Which gene codes for IKr potassium -
A. SCNA
B. ABCD
C. ITIH
D. HERG
SCNA
HERG
300
Prodrome FLU like symptoms, psychological symptoms, seizures
A. NMDAR
B. LGI1
Anti NMDAR encephalitis
301
Test for premorbid intelligence
Test for visuospatial reconstruction
Test for selective attention -
Test for premorbid intelligence a. NART
Test for visuospatial reconstruction a. Rey- Osterreith complex figure drawing test
* Test for selective attention - Stroop test
302
ADHD polygenic risk
A. Attention
B. Verbal
C. Non-verbal
attention
303
Image findings
Parkinsons
Alzheimers
Parkinson –
Loss of the normal swallow tail appearance of susceptibility signal pattern in the substantia nigra
Alzheimer’s
SPECT- Temporal and Parietal hypoperfusion
MRI- predominantly the hippocampus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the temporal amygdala, with
parietal and frontal lobes being next most severely affected. The occipital lobe is generally spared.
304
EEG absence seizures
myoclonic seizures
EEG 3Hz (Absence Seizures)
EEG 3 - 6Hz polyspike and waves (Myoclonic seizures)
305
on hyperpolarization, depolarization and resting potential. What Ions and channels are
involved
Hyperpolarization- K+ goes out of the neuron to mediate hyperpolarization (repolarisation
below the resting potential). Has something to do with chloride channel
Depolarisation- opening of Na ion channels, influx into the neuron
Resting Potential: -70mV.
Repolarisation, K+ goes out of the neuron
306
Which of the following has the Least sexual side effect antidepressant
A. Trazodone
B. Vortioxetine
C. Amitriptyline
Vortioxetine
PS: VBAM – antidepressant: vortioxetine | bupropion | agomelatine | mirtazapine
ZOL – antipsychotics: ziprasidone | olanzapine | lurasidone.
307
A refugee who was tortured in his home country by his government. He goes out of his way to avoid
CCTV as he thinks he is being monitored by CCTV
A. Overvalued idea
B. Sensitive paranoia
C. Persecutory delusion
Overvalued idea
308
Which part of the Brain is responsible in impulsive behaviour of mania
a. Orbitofrontal cortex
b. Insula
Orbitofrontal cortex
309
Brain cells responsible for immune action
microglia
310
Presence of some auditory perceptual impairment (Auditory Charles Bonnet Syndrome)
Presence of some auditory perceptual impairment (Auditory Charles Bonnet Syndrome)
311
on separation anxiety
on selective mutism-
a. Fear of social situations (20 years)
b. Begins < 5 years
c. Lasts > 6 months
d. Specific phobia of going out
e. Situation specific
Begins < 5 years
Situation specific
312
Treatment of REM sleep behaviour disorder
A. prazosin
B. melatonin
C. phenelzine
melatonin
313
Brain Lobe responsible for memory consolidation
a. Frontal
b. Parietal
c. Temporal
Temporal
314
Medium Spiny neurons (spiny projection neurons) deficiency in which condition?
A. Huntington's
B. Parkinson's
Huntingtons
315
Difference between complex PTSD and borderline personality
A. Unstable relationship
B. Frantic efforts to avoid triggers
C. Negative affect despite stable sense of self
Negative affect despite stable sense of self
316
The preoptic nuclei responsible for thermoregulation is found in
A. thalamus
B. hypothalamus
C. pituitary
hypothalamus (superior to the optic chiasm)
317
Depersonalisation vs Derealisation
Depersonalisation: experiencing the self as unreal or strange
Derealisation: experiencing the world or other people as unreal or detach from one’s surrounding
318
Partial nicotine agonist:?????????? (partial alpha 4 beta 2, safe to use in hepatic dysfunction)
Varenicline
319
Perseveration arises primarily from which anatomical area?
frontal lobe dysfunction, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
320
Alzheimer's disease : Alpha- and Beta-Secretase?
Alpha secretase prevented formulation of amyloid plaques (good)
Beta secretase generates amyloid peptide (bad)
321
target of immunotherapy in autosomal disease
beta amyloid
322
Target deep brain stimulation in OCD
anterior limb of internal capsule
nucleus accumbens
subthalamic nucleus
ventral capsule or striatum
323
psychological aggression hypothesis
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis (Dollard et al., 1939)
Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977)
Cognitive Neoassociation Theory (Berkowitz, 1990)
324
laxative abuse in Anorexia nervosa results in
Vomiting in Bulimia (binge purge type) –
laxative abuse in Anorexia nervosa results in metabolic acidosis
Vomiting in Bulimia (binge purge type) – metabolic alkalosis
325
T1-Weighted MRI
T1-Weighted (Anatomy Focus):
Water (CSF, Edema): Dark
Fat: Bright
Calcium: Dark
Hemoglobin (Acute Blood): Bright
🔍 Best for: Anatomy, fat-containing tissues, post-contrast images
326
T2-Weighted MRI
T2-Weighted (Pathology Focus):
Water (CSF, Edema): Bright
Fat: Slightly dark/intermediate
Calcium: Dark
Hemoglobin (Chronic Blood): Dark (due to hemosiderin)
🔍 Best for: Edema, inflammation, tumors, MS plaques
327
