Qs

Question 1

Breast Milk

Answer 1

• linoleic
• iron absorption
• whey protein (60%)
• cholesterol
• lipase activated by bile salt
• has immune factors (GFs)

Question 2

Cow’s Milk

Answer 2

• calcium
• phosphorus
• casein (80%)
• lipase inactivated by bile salt
• lacks immune factors (ABs)

Question 3

What is the main type and source of glucose in breastmilk?

Answer 3

Source = Mum’s blood
Type = Lactose

Question 4

Adaptations of RBCs to carry O2

Answer 4

1. Biconcave Shape
   - SA:V ratio (facilitates O2 transport efficiently)
   - allows flexibility to pass through capillaries
2. Lack of nucleus + organelles
   - more space for HB
   - reduces O2 consumption by cell itself
3. Elasticity and reversible deformable ability
   - so it is able to change its memb. shape and size when squeezing through narrow capillaries
   - regain its bioconcave shape after, without rupturing it’s memb.
4. Hb content
   - Hb binds O2 reversibly and efficiently

Question 5

Lab Tests for excessive Haemolysis

Answer 5

1. Serum Free Haptoglobin ()
2. Serum UCB ()
3. LDH ()
4. Serum Haptoglobin ()

Question 6

BIomarkers vs Other tests for muscle damage

Answer 6

1. High Specificity:
   - CK-MM = skeletal
   - CK-MB = cardiac
   - CK-BB = brain
2. High Sensitivity:
   - appears in blood very soon after muscle damage (useful in early diagnosis)
3. Analytically:
   - cost effective
   - quick
   - accurate
4. Clinically:
   - ability to influence therapy and improve outcome
   - prognostic
   - non invasive

Question 7

What happens in cardiac muscle damage?

Answer 7

1. Ischemia
2. Reduced O2
3. ATP depletion
4. Increased intracellular Ca2+
5. Release of intercellular content into circulation

Question 8

Troponin

Answer 8

• Proteins that regulate muscle contractions
• 3 types: TnC, TnI, TnT

1. TnC = binds to Ca2+
2. TnI = binds to actin inhibits actin-myosin interaction
3. TnT = binds to tropomyosin attaches troponin to thin filament

• Released into blood within 4 hours after onset
• Peaks reach @ 14 to 24 hours
• Remains elevated for 5 to 7 days
• Best bc:
• high specificity
• high sensitivity
• early detection
• long detection window