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SL32114 - Preparing for Professional Practice 3 > Qualitative Data Collection > Flashcards

Qualitative Data Collection Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is Qualitative Research?

A

Focuses on words, not numbers
Seeks to understand participant perspectives - experiences, meanings, explanations, knowledge and understanding
Explores the why and how behind behaviours, attitudes, and systems
More depth and detail

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2
Q

When to use qualitative research?

A

Qualitative research is great for understanding behaviour, patient perceptions, organisational culture, complex interventions, and ‘taken for granted’ phenomena.

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3
Q

What behaviour can qualitative research help understand?

A

Qualitative research can help understand what triggers people to see a doctor.

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4
Q

What can qualitative research reveal about patient perceptions?

A

It can reveal patient perceptions of quality or appropriateness, such as on pharmacy services like smoking cessation.

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5
Q

How does qualitative research relate to organisational culture?

A

Qualitative research can help explore why research findings are not implemented within an organisation.

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6
Q

What types of interventions or policies can qualitative research address?

A

Qualitative research is suitable for studying complex interventions or policies.

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7
Q

What is an example of a ‘taken for granted’ phenomenon?

A

‘Taken for granted’ phenomena can include issues like waiting lists.

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8
Q

Name the three key data collection methods - that are commonly used in reasearch

A

Observation
Interviews
Focus Groups

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What are the two types of observation in research?

A

Participant (immersion of researcher in a social setting) or non-participant (observer not part of the situation).

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11
Q

How is data collected during observation?

A

Data is collected as events occur at the study site.

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12
Q

What is a risk associated with observation?

A

Observer bias and the Hawthorne effect, where individuals change their behavior because they are being watched.

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13
Q

What are the types of observation methods?

A

Structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.

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14
Q

What characterizes structured observation?

A

It is quantitative, focusing on frequency, time, duration, and who is involved.

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15
Q

What is semi-structured observation?

A

It uses prompts to collect data on pre-specified concepts while allowing for open-ended responses.

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16
Q

What does unstructured observation involve?

A

Recording the behavior of participants and developing narrative accounts.

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17
Q

In what settings is observation particularly useful?

A

Natural settings, such as observing pharmacy consultations.

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18
Q

How can observer bias be minimized?

A

By observing over a long period, allowing participants to become accustomed to the observer; discard the first day of observation.

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19
Q

What type of non-verbal cues can be observed?

A

Body language.

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20
Q

What are structured interviews?

A

Structured interviews consist of fixed questions, similar to a survey. They are research-led, standardized, and have minimal variation in question order.

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21
Q

What are closed questions?

A

Closed questions are pre-coded or short answer questions used primarily for survey research.

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22
Q

What are semi-structured and unstructured interviews?

A

Semi-structured and unstructured interviews are open-ended and participant-led, capturing data about attitudes, behavior, and views. They start with open questions and can become focused if needed.

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23
Q

What skills are needed for conducting interviews?

A

Key skills include active listening, note-taking (in abbreviated form), and asking open, neutral, probing questions.

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24
Q

What is an example of an open question?

A

An example of an open question is, ‘What are your views on…?’ or ‘I’d really like to hear your thoughts on…’.

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25
What should be avoided when asking questions?
Avoid leading questions that imply a desired answer, such as, 'How effective was that medicine for you?'. Instead, ask neutral questions.
26
What is the purpose of using a topic guide?
A topic guide helps structure the interview while allowing flexibility in responses.
27
When should closed questions be used?
Closed questions should only be used for specific purposes, typically following an open question to clarify details.
28
What type of questions should be avoided?
Avoid preambles, abstract, or double-barreled questions. Use short and clear questions.
29
What should be avoided regarding summarizing participant responses?
Do not summarize what the participant has said; use their language instead, as the interview is recorded.
30
What acknowledgments should be avoided during interviews?
Avoid using acknowledgments like 'right' or 'OK' to indicate interest; probing questions are more effective.
31
What is the preferred method for recording interviews?
Audio-recording is preferred over note-taking to capture the exact language of participants for analysis.
32
What is probing?
Participants' first answers are rarely tell your whole story Probes are short, open questions, used to elict more data an essential for getting the complexity and detail that an interview should give
33
What is a topic guide?
An agenda for conducting an interview
34
35
What are the characteristics of flexible and interactive questioning?
It can adapt questioning and order to meet circumstances and gently ease respondents from social to deeper levels.
36
How should questioning progress?
It should progress from the general to the specific.
37
What techniques can be used during questioning?
Prompts and probes can be inserted, and respondents' language should be used (no jargon).
38
Why is it necessary to pilot research?
To gather the right data for the research question while ensuring it is workable.
39
What should be checked before piloting?
Check if you can use your forms and if the pilot locations allow you to see and hear unobtrusively.
40
What is the observer effect?
Behavioral changes may occur if people know they are being observed (observer or Hawthorne effect).
41
What is observer bias?
It is the tendency to see what you want to see.
42
What can happen to the observer during research?
The observer may become tired or bored.
43
What does assimilating into the group mean?
It refers to adopting the norms of the group.
44
What is the main purpose of focus groups?
To encourage interaction and joint meaning-making among participants.
45
How do focus groups benefit participants' views?
They enable people to explore and clarify their views more easily than in one-to-one interviews.
46
What kind of discussions do focus groups stimulate?
They stimulate wide-ranging discussions and generate a comprehensive list of issues.
47
What outcomes can focus groups produce?
They can produce themes and patterns of distribution.
48
What aspects do focus groups explore?
They explore group norms, shared experiences, and different perspectives.
49
How many participants are usually in a focus group?
Usually 6–8 participants per group.
50
What is a common practice regarding participant invitations?
Over-invite participants as some are likely not to turn up.
51
What roles are required for a focus group?
A facilitator (who asks questions) and a co-facilitator (who takes notes and ensures recording).
52
What preparation is needed for a focus group?
Preparation includes setting the venue, gaining consent, and planning the discussion.
53
What should be done after the focus group session ends?
Once everyone departs, speak your thoughts, concerns, and feelings into a recording device.
54
What should be done to open a focus group?
Introduce the research team and thank participants for attending.
55
What goals should be communicated during the opening of a focus group?
Goals for the research should be clearly stated.
56
Why is recording the focus group important?
Reasons for recording should be explained to participants.
57
What logistical details should be shared about the focus group?
Discuss the format and timing (1-2 hours) and mention that refreshments are available.
58
What ground rules should be established in a focus group?
Ground rules include respect and that one person speaks at a time.
59
What should be communicated regarding confidentiality in a focus group?
Confidentiality and anonymity should be assured, along with obtaining consent.
60
What materials should be handed out to participants?
Demographic information forms should be distributed.
61
How should participants introduce themselves?
Participants should introduce themselves and use name tags.
62
How to conduct a focus group?
- Introduce research team - Thanks for coming and taking part - Goals for research - Reasons for recording - Format and timing (1-2hrs) - refreshments available - Ground rules - respect, one person speaks at a time etc - Confidentiality and anonymity (consent) - Hand out demographic info forms Participants to introduce themselves, name tags
63
What are the advanatges of topic guide?
* Rich discussions * Can highlight cultural values or group norms * Does not discriminate against people who cannot read or write * Participation from those reluctant to be interviewed 1:1 * Encourages input from quieter participants
64
What are the disadvantages of topic guide?
* Can be dominated by outspoken individuals * Sensitive views may not be shared * Less opportunity to explore individual views * Harder to organise and analyse * Risk of poor turn out * More complicated and expensive to organise * Difficult to analyse
65
66
What are the advantages of online/phone interviews?
They are cheaper and easier logistically.
67
How do online/phone interviews affect anonymity?
They can feel more anonymous, especially online.
68
Is there evidence that face-to-face interviews are better?
There is little evidence that face-to-face interviews are better.
69
How do online/phone interviews typically compare in length?
They may be shorter and may need more focused questions.
70
What is a practical benefit of online/phone interviews?
They are cheaper and quicker.
71
What is a key characteristic of online interviews regarding anonymity?
They are especially anonymous.
72
What is a limitation of online/phone interviews?
There is less opportunity for non-verbal cues, making it hard to see distress or anxiety.
73
What is the usual approach to sampling in qualitative research?
Sampling is usually purposive, selecting participants who can best inform the research question.
74
What is the aim of sampling in qualitative research?
The aim is diversity, not representativeness, focusing on different genders and experiences.
75
What is a sampling frame in qualitative research?
A sampling frame is used to include different characteristics in the study.
76
What are typical sample sizes in qualitative research?
Sample sizes are typically small, usually less than 50 interviews or 6–12 focus groups.
77
When should data collection stop in qualitative research?
Data collection should stop at data saturation, when no new insights are gained.
78
What should be considered regarding the population in qualitative research?
Consider how varied your population is.

SL32114 - Preparing for Professional Practice 3 (13 decks)

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