Qualitative Exam

Question 1

Positivism

Answer 1

Assume that reality exists and it’s observable, stable, and measurable. Knowledge from this is labeled scientific and includes laws. Knowledge is relative not absolute, but can distinguish between more and less plausible claims

find and capture the answer

Question 2

An essential part of qualitative inquiry is understanding

Answer 2

experience

Question 3

Research

Answer 3

investigating something in a systematic manner

Question 4

basic research

Answer 4

motivated by intellectual interest, goal: knowledge

Question 5

applied research

Answer 5

improve the quality of practice of particular discipline

Question 6

data

Answer 6

collected information to be analyzed

information

Question 7

Qualitative

Answer 7

understanding the meaning people have constructed, understanding experiences

Question 8

Quantitative

Answer 8

numbers and statistics, more objective

Question 9

Primary essence of qualitative research, i.e. what it’s “after”

Answer 9

Understanding the human experience

Question 10

5 Characteristics of qualitative research

Answer 10

• focus on meaning and understanding
• researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis
• the process is inductive
• the product is richly descriptive
• other - tolerance for ambiguity

Question 11

Focus on meaning and understanding

Answer 11

how people interpret their experiences and how they construct their worlds, what meaning they attribute to experiences. Their perspective, not the researcher

Question 12

The researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis

Answer 12

researchers can expand understanding through nonverbal or verbal communication, clarifying and summarizing. Sometimes there is bias, want to eliminate those

Question 13

The process is inductive

Answer 13

Researchers gather data to build concepts, hypotheses, or theories rather than testing hypotheses. Build toward theory from observing and understanding

Question 14

The product is richly descriptive

Answer 14

words and pictures are used rather than numbers. Data in form of quotes, videos, pictures, notes used to support findings.

Question 15

Common Qualitative Research Designs

Answer 15

basic
ethnography
phenomenology

Question 15

Basic qualitative inquiry

Answer 15

Understanding phenomena through examination of individuals experience through stories, not narratives

Question 16

ethnography

Answer 16

Cultural, spending time with a group being studied.

Question 17

Phenomenology

Answer 17

Focus on the experience itself and how the experience is transformed into consciousness. Interested in the lived experience. Events that link people together.

Question 18

ways to collect data with basic

Answer 18

focus group, interviews

Question 19

ways to collect data with ethnography

Answer 19

observation

Question 20

ways to collect data with phenomenology

Answer 20

In-depth interviews

Question 21

the basic idea of mixed methods research

Answer 21

Combines qualitative and quantitative methods to gain deeper understanding

Question 22

Convergent

Answer 22

same time, simultaneous - compare findings from each other

Question 23

Explanatory

Answer 23

quant then qual - quant provides the what and qual provides the how, deeper understanding

Question 24

Exploratory

Answer 24

qual then quant - when little is known about population or subject, qualitative data used to explore in order create survey

Question 25

Sampling

Answer 25

how we are identifying a large group of people from whom we could potentially invite (ex. Apartment complex)

Question 26

Recruitment

Answer 26

invitation to people to get them to participate - call, send letter, ask face to face

Question 27

Purposeful sample

Answer 27

we almost always use purposeful sampling in qualitative - intentionally selecting participants based on their characteristics, experiences.

Question 28

How many to sample

Answer 28

saturation - When no new information is forthcoming from new sampled units, so there is redundancy. When you start hearing the same responses or seeing the same behaviors, no new insights. Must engage in analysis along with data collection. Analysis should be done with data collection.

Question 29

types of purposeful sampling

Answer 29

typical unique maximum variation convenience snowball

Question 30

typical

Answer 30

trying to define what an average is. Picking sites that are not unique, or people who are profiled as the average.

Question 31

unique

Answer 31

Rare or unique occurrences of phenomenon of interest. Interested in them because they are unique. Generally have access to talk to them.

Question 32

maximum variation

Answer 32

Seeking out the widest possible range of the characteristics of interest for the study. Intentionally introducing variation.

Question 33

convenience

Answer 33

Select sample based on time, availability, ect. Beginning with your own friends.

Question 34

Snowball

Answer 34

Most common purposeful sampling. Locating key participants and ask them to refer you to other participants.

Question 35

Selecting a topics

Answer 35

Look at your daily life, what are you curious about? What do you not understand? Other sources: literature Theory Most often from observing and asking questions about everyday activities Social and political issues

Question 36

research problem

Answer 36

Question that challenges the mind From what you are curious about, the problem statement Not what the problem is, what the study will do

Question 37

Lit review

Answer 37

Is there literature on the topic? Question takes to to literature which sends you to looking at the phenomenon If you don’t review, you might duplicate study, repeat others mistakes Goal is to contribute knowledge

Question 38

Sampling

Answer 38

probably non probability

Question 39

Probability

Answer 39

generalize results from sample to population which it was drawn

Question 40

Non Probability

Answer 40

method of choice to solve qualitative problems - purposeful

Question 41

When is interviewing particularly useful?

Answer 41

When you can’t observe behavior, past events, intensive case studies of a few individuals.

Question 42

How many people in a focus group?

Answer 42

6-8 or 6-10

Question 43

When a focus group is a poor choice

Answer 43

Sensitive Highly personal Culturally inappropriate

Question 44

Asking good Q’s § — Know the 6 general types

Answer 44

experience and behavior questions opinions and values questions feelings questions knowledge questions sensory questions background/demorgraphic

Question 45

Experience and behavior questions

Answer 45

things a person did, behavior, action - typical day?

Question 46

Opinion and values questions

Answer 46

What they think about something

Question 47

feelings questions

Answer 47

Tap dimension of human life, how do you feel about - adjective response

Question 48

Knowledge questions

Answer 48

Factual knowledge about a situation

Question 49

sensory questions

Answer 49

Similar to experience, but try to get more specific data about what was seen, heard, touched, ect

Question 50

Background/demographic

Answer 50

Age, education, ect - information as relevant to research study

Question 51

The 4 “eliciting” types of questions

Answer 51

hypothetical devils advocate ideal position interpretive

Question 52

Hypothetical questions

Answer 52

what they might do, what it might be like in situation

Question 53

Devil’s advocate question

Answer 53

consider opposing view to a situation

Question 54

Ideal position questions

Answer 54

describe an ideal situation

Question 54

Interpretive questions

Answer 54

researcher advances explanations or what the respondent has been saying and asks for a reaction

Question 55

Questions to Avoid

Answer 55

Multiple questions Leading questions Yes or no questions/ categorical

Question 56

Recording & Transcribing (3 ways)

Answer 56

Audio record the interview Take notes Write down what you can remember shortly after

Question 57

Types of interview

Answer 57

structured semi-structured unstructured

Question 58

structured

Answer 58

predetermined wording, order

Question 59

semistructured

Answer 59

mix or structures, flexible, explore, no order

Question 60

unstructured

Answer 60

open ended, flexible, learning from interview

Question 61

Observations

Answer 61

take place where the phenomenon naturally occurs, observation represents firsthand encounter

Question 62

Interviews

Answer 62

Secondhand account of the world obtained in an interview

Question 63

analyzing

Answer 63

more than one way to make observations, describe it in writing, looking for pieces that aren’t there, find themes

Question 64

Text based analyzing

Answer 64

categorize themes, patterns, meaning

Question 65

Why use observations?

Answer 65

Natural setting & no recall required

Question 66

What to observe

Answer 66

The physical setting - environment, context, space allocated Participants - who, how many, roles, unexpected Activities and Interactions - what is going on? Norms or structure Conversation - content of conversation? Who to whom? Subtle factors - unplanned activities, symbolic meaning, nonverbal cues, what doesn’t happen Your own behavior - how is your role affecting behavior

Question 67

data can be mined from....

Answer 67

virtually anywhere!

Question 68

the basic process for open thematic coding QDA

Answer 68

Familiarize with data (familiarize and organize data) Identify units Group units Reconsider groupings - name and operationally define themes Prepare for reporting

Question 69

Coding

Answer 69

Assigning a shorthand designation to various aspects of your data so you can easily retrieve specific pieces of the data

Question 70

Computer software

Answer 70

manage data with system designed for qualitative research - make sure it doesn’t get lost

Question 70

the goal of data analysis?

Answer 70

to make sense out of data

Question 71

Step-by-step process of analysis

Answer 71

categories sorting data into cats naming the categories

Question 72

category construction:

Answer 72

notes, comments, observations in margins

Question 73

sorting to categories and data

Answer 73

compiling notes, renaming categories to reflect the data, creating subcategories. Sorting everything to their category

Question 74

naming the categories

Answer 74

name the theme from you, participants words or outside sources. Borrowed classifications creates bias

Question 75

Trustworthiness/rigor

Answer 75

Show that research is trustworthy within the limitations it has

Question 76

Reliability

Answer 76

extent to which findings can be replicated

Question 77

internal validity

Answer 77

how research findings match reality, congruent with reality

Question 78

external validity

Answer 78

extent to which findings can be applied to other situations, how generalizable the results are for the study

Question 79

credibility

Answer 79

member check, peer review, triangulation

Question 80

transferability

Answer 80

how much could be taken and used somewhere else

Question 81

Consistency

Answer 81

applying standardized approaches to data across the study

Question 82

tolerance for ambiguity

Answer 82

it's okay if it's vague, might not be a straight answer because you're asking about experience not a number

Question 83

your own epistemology - baggage you bring with you

Answer 83

the questions you ask construct the results

Question 84

study identity

Answer 84

epistemology - baggage methods - how you get data theory - formal theory and school of thought

Question 85

key feature about focus groups

Answer 85

-Make sure to ask good questions such as: experience, feelings, background, values, sensory, and knowledge.

Question 86

focus group size problems

Answer 86

too big - partition too small - isolate people

Question 87

data units

Answer 87

Smallest, yet most helpful for your objective